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- Forest Resources Management and Sustainability: The Specific Case of European Union CountriesPublication . Martinho, Vítor; Ferreira, António José DinisForest land provides several environmental services and goods with significant implications for different socioeconomic and environmental dimensions. Forestry and its management are determinant activities for sustainable development, specifically in the current context of urgent mitigation of climate change. In this perspective, one objective of this research was to survey the main insights from the literature about the forest and management dimensions put together, highlighting the contributions of these activities to mitigate climate change. Another objective was to explore indicators related to forest management (land, employment, output, and net emissions) in order to obtain a forest sustainability index through factor analysis. As main insights from this study, we can quote that the literature survey pinpoints the most relevant factors framing forest management: soil characteristics, ecology, ecosystems, biodiversity, deforestation, climate change, socioeconomic frameworks, local knowledge, public policies, institutional context, and new technologies. Forest indicators reveal a strong relationship between forest land, employment and output, and a weaker relation with net emissions. We concluded that there is a need for stakeholders to explore and improve the interlinkage with climate change impact, specifically with regard to improving the relationships of forestry greenhouse gas emissions impacts with forest size and output.
- Bibliographic Coupling Links: Alternative Approaches to Carrying Out Systematic Reviews about Renewable and Sustainable EnergyPublication . Martinho, Vítor: New technologies, specifically the internet, have over the last two decades increased the number of publications in the most diverse fields of science. Subjects related to renewable and sustainable energy are no exception. These frameworks have allowed the main insights produced by the scientific community through literature surveys to be highlighted. Nonetheless, considering the vast quantity of studies, systematic approaches have been proposed by the researchers to better organize and perform the literature review. Considering the subjectivity of some of these methodologies, the main objectives of this research are to conduct a systematic review about renewable and sustainable energy through more objective techniques, based on bibliometric analysis, to provide an alternative or to complement those already available within the literature. For this purpose, a “Biblio4Review” approach was proposed in order to perform systematic reviews about renewable and sustainable energy that may spread into other scientific fields. This methodology is based on bibliographic coupling links from the bibliometric analysis to identify the most relevant studies for the literature review. The results obtained highlight that with this approach it was possible to identify the studies with greater centrality in terms of references shared. In this way, they are among the most relevant documents for these topics. Specifically for the topic considered (renewable and sustainable energy) the main insights were referred to. In any case, the findings obtained show that there is a field for more interdisciplinary approaches
- Evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union: A Policy for Different ScenariosPublication . Martinho, VítorConsidering the great diversity of agricultural realities in the European Union (EU) countries, a concern of the EU institutions has been to design agricultural policy instruments and measures more adjusted to each context, namely allowing for decisions taken more at a national level through an approach of decentralisation. However, these attempts seem insufficient to deal with the specificities of each country and region. In addition, the particularity of the EU context is the sovereignty of the several Member States that makes these frameworks different from any others. Considering this scenario, suggestions are made for a more local Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union, taking into account the requirements of different realities. To achieve these aims, a literature review was carried out, considering information from bibliometric approaches. The literature survey reveals that there are concerns with the relationships among agriculture and the environment, trade liberalisation, biodiversity and ecosystem services, Brexit, biodiversity and High Natural Value farmlands.
- Machine Learning Methodologies, Wages Paid and the Most Relevant PredictorsPublication . Martinho, VítorThe agricultural sector worldwide has an economic dimension related to the remuneration of the production factors applied in the sector, an environmental contribution associated with the sustainability of rural places and a social dimension related to the employment creation and the consequent level of remuneration of the labour. The question here is about the level of wages paid in the agricultural sector across the European Union countries and about the main factors that may be taken into account to predict the level of these wages paid to agricultural workers. This research intends to select the models with better precision to predict the wages paid in the European Union agriculture and to suggest important predictors from the enormous number of indicators that may be identified in the farms. The findings obtained may be considered relevant support for the design of social and agricultural policies in the European framework.
- Análise da lei de Verdoorn nas regiões e sectores portuguesesPublication . Martinho, VítorCom este trabalho pretende-se estimar a Lei de Verdoorn (com diversas especificações alternativas), para cada um dos sectores económicos das cinco regiões (NUTs II) de Portugal Continental, para o total da economia regional e para cada uma das referidas regiões, no período 1995 a 1999. Por outro lado, verificar de que forma novas variáveis adicionadas (fluxos de mercadorias, capital e concentração) influenciam os resultados obtidos. Tenciona-se, assim, analisar a existência de economias à escala crescentes que caracterizam os fenómenos de polarização com causas circulares e cumulativas e podem explicar os processos de divergência regional. Visa-se, ainda, analisar de que forma as novas variáveis consideradas influenciam as conclusões sobre a existência de economias à escala crescentes e indagar sobre a complementaridade entre os modelos da polarização, associados à teoria Keynesiana, e os modelos da aglomeração, associados à Nova Geografia Económica (daí terem-se considerado os fluxos de mercadorias e a variável concentração). Isto porque tanto os processos de polarização como os da aglomeração se baseiam em fenómenos circulares e cumulativos, embora a fundamentação teórica seja diferente, ou seja, macro-económica nos desenvolvimentos Keynesianos associados à Lei de Verdoorn e microeconómica na Nova Geografia Económica. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos nas Contas Regionais (2003) do Instituto Nacional de Estatística
- The Contexts of Agricultural Policies in the United States of America: Perspectives for the FuturePublication . Martinho, VítorThe United States (US) is a great country that influences the world dynamics in several dimensions, including those related to the socioeconomic frameworks, where the agricultural sector has its relevance. From this perspective, it is always interesting to understand the contexts of agriculture in the United States and the respective policy measures and instruments designed by competent institutions. Considering these motivations, it is intended to highlight the main agricultural policies in the US through a literature review and present future perspectives. The literature review was carried out based on bibliometric analysis, specifically considering bibliographic data and bibliographic coupling links, in a viewpoint of systematic review. For the bibliometric analysis, the following items were considered: authors, countries, documents, organisations and sources. The systematic review considered the top 20 documents with the highest total link strength. As main insights, of highlighting a concern with the impacts of the agricultural sector in the soil and water management and environmental dimensions, where the APEX model has its importance.
- Impact of Covid‐19 on the convergence of GDP per capita in OECD countriesPublication . Martinho, VítorThe main objective of this study is to assess the consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) on the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. For this purpose, the developments from the convergence theory for panel data were considered, as well as data from the OECD database for the last quarter of 2017 to the third quarter of 2020. This statistical information was, also, analysed through spatial autocorrelation approaches. The findings obtained show that the pandemic, specifically in the first two quarters of 2020, eliminated the signs of convergence verified from the end of 2017 until the end of 2019 in OECD countries, bringing new challenges for the future. In terms of policy recommendations, it is suggested to design instruments by the European Union and international organizations in order to promote a globally balanced development, preventing consequences beyond the socioeconomic.
- Impacts of Climate Change and Economic and Health Crises on the Agriculture and Food SectorsPublication . Martinho, VítorThe agricultural and food sectors, as well as other economic activities, follow the current trends verified in economies and societies on the technological level. Agriculture and the food sector are decisive in times of crisis to mitigate the consequences of unemployment generated by adverse cycles. A developed agriculture is fundamental to the sustainable economic development of any country, as it allows the supply of goods to satisfy basic needs at lower prices. Impacts of Climate Change and Economic and Health Crises on the Agriculture and Food Sectors provides a forum for discussing contemporary trends in the agricultural and food sectors. The themes presented in this publication make it possible to approximate the various and current dimensions related to food production. Covering topics such as food security, labor drivers, and sustainable development, this book is an excellent resource for farmers, SME owners, students and professors of higher education, researchers, public institutions, policymakers, and academicians.
- Characteristics of Farms in the European Union: Relationships Between Energy Costs and Other VariablesPublication . Martinho, VítorThe very characteristics of agriculture call for specific attention when it comes to the evolution of this sector across the globe. In fact, this is a sector which produces essential products to meet basic human needs, but usually requires public intervention, through agricultural policies, to avoid an unbalanced evolution between demand and supply having consequences on market prices. This is because agricultural policies are so famous across the world and specifically in the European Union, in the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy. On the other hand, the great diversity of agricultural realities among regions calls for specific strategies to be adjusted to local particularities. In addition, climate change and global warming bring new challenges, namely in the use of critical resources (because of their scarcity and environmental impacts), such as energy and water. In this context, it would seem pertinent to assess the interrelationships between energy use in European Union farms and other farming variables, namely to identify how the energy consumption is affected by other dimensions in the sector. For this purpose, data from the European Union Farm Accountancy Data Network were considered for the period 2013–2018. This statistical information was first explored through descriptive analysis and then with matrices of correlation. As main insights, it is important to note that energy costs increased, on average over the period considered, by 2.7%. On the other hand, farms with a higher level of intensification and higher energy costs are those that receive more subsidies.
- Economics of Tourism in Portugal: Impacts of the COVID-19 PandemicPublication . Martinho, VítorTaking into account the current world conditions and the importance of the tourism sector for the Portuguese economy, the main objective of this book is to highlight the economic contexts of tourism in Portugal at regional and municipal levels, namely presenting the frameworks before the Covid-19 pandemic and discussing the main implications for the future. To this purpose, economic dynamics are described for each of the dimensions of tourism in the Portuguese reality. From these frameworks, several discussions about future perspectives in these dimensions are presented.