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- Interação Médico Veterinário – Enfermeiro Veterinário no exercício da profissãoPublication . Vala, Helena; Nóbrega, Carmen; Mega, Ana Cristina; Santos, Carla; Cruz, Rita; Esteves, Fernando; Mesquita, JoãoA procura do Curso de Medicina Veterinária pelas classes jovens prende-se essencialmente com o gosto pela área da saúde e o interesse pelos animais. A inexistência de alternativa à Medicina Veterinária, único Curso no nosso país em 2002, para quem gostasse de tratar e cuidar de animais, num âmbito diferente do da produção, fez com que muitos jovens passassem pela frustração de se dedicarem a outras áreas. Com o objetivo de colmatar essa lacuna do panorama Veterinário nacional, proporcionando aos amantes dos animais uma opção alternativa a quem aspirava poder praticar cuidados de saúde veterinários e não tinha possibilidade de aceder à carreira de Medicina Veterinária, fazia sentido preencher este vazio com a criação de uma nova carreira intermédia, de índole técnico, profissionalizante e superior e, enquanto por todo o país se optava pela criação de mais cursos de Medicina Veterinária, os Politécnicos despertaram para este novo nicho de mercado promissor, inspirados pela Europa, que permitiria a formação de quadros bacharéis, integráveis em equipas Médico-veterinárias e às centenas de profissionais que já exerciam essas funções, por todo o país, sem formação adequada, a oportunidade de dignificação da sua profissão. O Curso de Enfermagem Veterinária foi aprovado em Portugal em 2002/03 para funcionar na Escola Superior Agrária de Elvas e reprovado para funcionar na Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, no mesmo ano, sendo na altura Ministro da Ciência e Ensino Superior o Doutor Pedro Lynce Faria. Em 2003/04 funcionava o seu primeiro ano na Escola Superior Agrária de Elvas, quando finalmente a Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu também obteve a aprovação para a proposta enviada no ano anterior, colocando o curso em funcionamento um ano mais tarde (2004/05). Posteriormente, viria a entrar em funcionamento nas Escolas Superiores Agrárias de Bragança (Tecnologia Veterinária 2005/06; Enfermagem Veterinária 2010/11), Castelo Branco (2006/07) e Ponte de Lima (2006/07). Até então cabia exclusivamente ao Médico Veterinário uma grande diversidade de funções, que incluíam o atendimento ao público, a receção dos animais e seus proprietários, a procura e preenchimento de fichas clínicas, a contenção e pesagem, o cálculo e administração de dosagens terapêuticas, a monitorização anestésica, a preparação e disposição de material cirúrgico, a preparação dos animais para cirurgia e a colheita de amostras. Quando não podia realizar todas estas funções, recorria a pessoal não especializado que o próprio tinha que formar e preparar, despendendo tempo e recursos, em detrimento do atendimento e prestação de serviços Médico-Veterinários mais especializados. A nível Europeu o Curso de Enfermagem Veterinária foi contemplado no tratado de Bolonha e a nível internacional, vários países consideravam, desde há muito, que a Enfermagem Veterinária, a par com os colégios de especialidade, seriam a chave para o desenvolvimento da boa prática dos cuidados veterinários e para a evolução da Medicina Veterinária, permitindo ao Médico Veterinário uma dedicação maior à clínica da especialidade, concentrando-se exclusivamente no diagnóstico, tratamento e na cirurgia em si. A 11 de Outubro de 2012, a Enfermagem Veterinária no Reino Unido fazia 50 anos, celebrados com pompa e circunstância na Casa dos Comuns, enquanto em Portugal, esta jovem profissão, a dar os seus primeiros passos, era vista como uma ameaça por muitos, incluindo Médicos Veterinários, Ordem dos Enfermeiros, entre outros, e nem sequer era ainda reconhecida nos Centros de Emprego. Contudo, foi o advento desta nova profissão que levou ao surgimento da equipa Médico-veterinária que pressupõe a existência de vários profissionais, com competências distintas mas que devem interagir em prol do objetivo comum da prestação de cuidados especializados de saúde e de bem-estar ao paciente animal. Em 2014, o curso de Enfermagem Veterinária da Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu obteve a acreditação europeia pela ACOVENE e Portugal junta-se assim à Bélgica, Holanda, Itália, Noruega e Reino Unido, os países onde são atualmente acreditados cursos de Enfermagem Veterinária pela ACOVENE.
- Proposal to minimize the difficulty of recording abortion data in sheepPublication . Santos, Carla; Esteves, Fernando; Cruz, Rita; Mega, Ana Cristina; Nóbrega, Carmen; Mesquita, João; Vala, HelenaBackground: The most frequent viral diseases which can cause abortion in sheep are Blue tongue, Border disease virus, Cache Valley fever and Schmallenberg virus. The diagnosis of abortion, namely virus-induced represents a challenge to field clinicians, since clinical signs presented by the dam are discrete, non-specific and variable (Agerhom et al., 2015). On the other hand, while some foetuses reveal characteristic and visible malformations, others do not reveal any lesions. In face of it, definitive diagnosis requires an appropriate history collection, as well as sending fresh samples, namely abortion material, foetus, placenta and umbilical cord, to a specialty laboratory, to obtain a precise diagnosis. Objectives: The authors suggest a registration method of all mandatory data, in order to further assist the diagnosis of viral diseases at the laboratories, including the most frequent congenital malformations reported in sheep abortions. Methods: Abortion samples of suspected viral origin were collected and all data were registered, in worktables optimized for this purpose. Results: The authors document, using macroscopic figures lesions of malformations in abortions, emphasizing the frequency and the importance of documenting each case, proposing practical and effective worktables to assist the fieldwork. Conclusions: Field clinician’s awareness of the importance of early detection of viral diseases causing abortion outbreaks stimulates a proper data collection for each case of abortion, in order to contribute to a precise diagnosis and posterior consistent epidemiological studies, which may allow diminishing of economic losses.
- Princípios Básicos de Hematologia. Esfregaço sanguíneoPublication . Vala, HelenaO sangue é um tecido vivo fluído que circula num dos sistemas vasculares do corpo, o qual apresenta uma “bomba” central, o coração – órgão muscular que bombeia o sangue para as circulações pulmonar e geral. Quando o colocamos no interior de um tubo de ensaio o sangue separa-se em duas camadas. A camada superior líquida, designada por plasma, representa cerca de 55% do volume de sangue total e contém uma variedade de substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas dissolvidas ou suspensas em água. A camada inferior é constituída por células vermelhas do sangue (eritrócitos), glóbulos brancos (leucócitos) e plaquetas (trombócitos) que, coletivamente, constituem os elementos figurados do sangue e representam 45% do volume de sangue total. O esfregaço sanguíneo constitui o método mais usual para observar o sangue e seus constituintes, pesquisar hemoparasitas e determinar a fórmula leucocitária, variável com a espécie, sendo fundamental que o Enfermeiro Veterinário domine as técnicas para a sua execução e reconheça as diferentes células sanguíneas. Neste trabalho será apresentada uma revisão dos órgãos hematopoiéticos (onde se originam os eritrócitos), órgãos linfóides (onde se originam ou diferenciam os leucócitos), bem como das funções do sangue e seus componentes.
- Inflammatory and hematological disturbances associated with resistance to recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in CKD anemia in a rat modelPublication . Ribeiro, Sandra; Garrido, Patrícia; Fernandes, João; Vala, Helena; Rocha-Pereira, Petronila; Costa, Elísio; Belo, Luís; Reis, Flávio; Santos-Silva, Alice
- Footrot caracterization in serra da estrela native flocksPublication . Cruz, Rita; Machado, Andreia; Nóbrega, Carmen; Mesquita, João; Vala, Helena; Esteves, FernandoObjectives: Serra da Estrela native (SEN) breed of sheep is one of the most important in Portugal, standing responsible for the production of one of the most internationally recognized cheeses in the world, "Queijo Serra da Estrela” (protected designation of origin). One of the major risks to the sustainability of SEN dairy flocks if footrot, an infectious diseases that causes lameness, decrease in milk production, weight loss and decrease in fertility.The aim of this work was to determine which parameters become decisive for the appearance of footrot in SEN dairy flocks, while establishing associations with environmental and nutritional variables. Materials and methods: The present study was carried out by performing an especially designed 27 multiple choice questionnaire, based on the underlying causes of lameness in livestock and in the clinical diagnosis performed by the vet techinichian of the clinical cases evaluated at the moment of the inquiry. The survey was performed during the execution of the oficial veterinary health program between February and September of 2014 by a veterinarian team from the Association of SEN Sheep Breeders (ANCOSE). The ovine producers (N=30, with a total of 1270 animals) were randomly selected from the extense area of production of “Queijo Serra da Estrela”. The parameters evaluated in the study were: season and consequent weather changes during the period of the study, floor types, hygiene conditions, bed types, the existence and use of footbaths, location of footbaths, foot trimming and foot hygiene procedures. After the construction of the database and using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0 the frequency response for each item was calculated. Results: All SEN livestock producers are proactive in the treatment of lameness (70%). About 99.7% of lameness was related with footroot and most appeared in winter (36.7%). In some occasions there was not a specific season distribution (56.7% rainiest years). From the analyzed farms, 70% use straw as a floor bed, followed by bush (21%). 45.6% of animals were clinically diagnosed with footrot and were sheltered in straw floor. Bed quality is good in 40%, however frequent changes in the floor bed in the preceding 15 days had a higher rate of footroot diagnosed cases (33,23%) compared to monthly changes. Regarding sheepfold animal number, the distribution is proper in 36.7%, elevated in 30%, overcrowded in 6.7% and low in 23.3%. Clinically ill diagnosed animals in last category were the lowest observed (3%). Concerning hoof trimming, 76.7% trims while 23.3% reported not to perform that task. From those that perform trimming, 73.9% do it only when necessary, 21.7% at the time of clipping and 4.4% when the animal is affected. One curious result was that animals who perform trimming at clipping had higher footrot cases (52.6%), unlike those who trim only when necessary (40.2%) or even when animals are clinically ill (0.91%). Mostly all in the presence of footrot choose a local treatment (95.2%) using antibiotic sprays, instead of parenteral antibiotic treatment. Footbath is rarely used in the prevention (13.3%) of this disease and when it is misconceived (25%) and incorrectly formulated (100%). Conclusion: This study is the first performed in Portugal focusing on footrot caracterization in native SEN flocks. The economic impact in SEN dairy flocks is atributed to factors such as the direct decrease in milk and meat production, the early slaughter of affected animals due to a non responsive treatment, and medical expenses. The most effective eradication method combines first of all the ability to understand the problems of SEN producers and then the implementation of preventive measures and treatment of footrot. Often linked to the lack of formation, and the advanced age of portuguese producers, the mentality and social factors block the advance of veterinarian intervention itself.
- First evidence of Schmallenberg virus introduction in Portugal, 2014Publication . Esteves, Fernando; Mesquita, João R.; Vala, Helena; Cruz, Rita; Santos, Carla; Silva, Joana; Coelho, Ana; Poel, Wim; Nascimento, MariaObjectives: Serra da Estrela native (SEN) breed of sheep is one of the most important in Portugal, standing responsible for the production of one of the most internationally recognized cheeses in the world, "Queijo Serra da Estrela” (protected designation of origin). One of the major risks to the sustainability of SEN dairy flocks if footrot, an infectious diseases that causes lameness, decrease in milk production, weight loss and decrease in fertility. The aim of this work was to determine which parameters become decisive for the appearance of footrot in SEN dairy flocks, while establishing associations with environmental and nutritional variables. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out by performing an especially designed 27 multiple choice questionnaire, based on the underlying causes of lameness in livestock and in the clinical diagnosis performed by the vet techinichian of the clinical cases evaluated at the moment of the inquiry. The survey was performed during the execution of the oficial veterinary health program between February and September of 2014 by a veterinarian team from the Association of SEN Sheep Breeders (ANCOSE). The ovine producers (N=30, with a total of 1270 animals) were randomly selected from the extense area of production of “Queijo Serra da Estrela”. The parameters evaluated in the study were: season and consequent weather changes during the period of the study, floor types, hygiene conditions, bed types, the existence and use of footbaths, location of footbaths, foot trimming and foot hygiene procedures. After the construction of the database and using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0 the frequency response for each item was calculated. Results: All SEN livestock producers are proactive in the treatment of lameness (70%). About 99.7% of lameness was related with footroot and most appeared in winter (36.7%). In some occasions there was not a specific season distribution (56.7% rainiest years). From the analyzed farms, 70% use straw as a floor bed, followed by bush (21%). 45.6% of animals were clinically diagnosed with footrot and were sheltered in straw floor. Bed quality is good in 40%, however frequent changes in the floor bed in the preceding 15 days had a higher rate of footroot diagnosed cases (33,23%) compared to monthly changes. Regarding sheepfold animal number, the distribution is proper in 36.7%, elevated in 30%, overcrowded in 6.7% and low in 23.3%. Clinically ill diagnosed animals in last category were the lowest observed (3%). Concerning hoof trimming, 76.7% trims while 23.3% reported not to perform that task. From those that perform trimming, 73.9% do it only when necessary, 21.7% at the time of clipping and 4.4% when the animal is affected. One curious result was that animals who perform trimming at clipping had higher footrot cases (52.6%), unlike those who trim only when necessary (40.2%) or even when animals are clinically ill (0.91%). Mostly all in the presence of footrot choose a local treatment (95.2%) using antibiotic sprays, instead of parenteral antibiotic treatment. Footbath is rarely used in the prevention (13.3%) of this disease and when it is misconceived (25%) and incorrectly formulated (100%). Conclusions: This study was the first performed in Portugal focusing footrot caracterization in native SEN flocks.Economic impact in SEN dairy flocks is atributed to factors such as direct decrease in milk and meat production,early slaughter of affected animals due to non responsive treatment and medical expenses.The most effective eradication method combines first of all the ability to understand the problems of SEN producers and implementation of preventive measures and treatment of footrot.Often linked to lack of formation, the advance age of portuguese producers the mentality and social factors block the advance of veterinarian intervention itself.
- Efeitos de Diferentes Doses de Eritropoietina Recombinante Humana num Modelo Animal de Anemia na Doença Renal CrónicaPublication . Ribeiro, Sandra; Garrido, Patrícia; Fernandes, João; Rocha, Susana; Vala, Helena; Rocha-Pereira, Petronila; Belo, Luís; Reis, Flávio; Santos-Silva, Alice
- Dairy cattle-slurry treatment technologies: towards an integrating approach of crop production, animal feeding and environmental impactsPublication . Rodrigues, A.; Gomes, A.; Ferreira, L.; Trindade, H.; Fonseca, A.; Pereira, J.Dairy cattle farms have a well-known environmental impact that affects all ecological compartments: air, soil, water and biosphere [1]. Dairy cattle farming are a significant source of anthropogenic gases from enteric fermentation, manure storage and land application, mainly ammonia (NH3), nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The emission of such gases represents not only an environmental problem but also leads to energy and nitrogen (N) losses in ruminant production systems [2-5]. Several efforts are required on the development of new technologies and strategies that mitigate gaseous emissions, N losses and improve the efficiency of the energy and N cycles [6, 7]. In the Northwest of Portugal, dairy cattle production has a major impact on the economy, with strong repercussions at national scale. Therefore, our Ph.D. thesis project aims to: a) Study natural supplements as additives in the dairy cattle diet towards a decrease in GHG emissions from feeding operations; b) Compare commercial dairy cattle diets with and without additives on gaseous emissions from manure deposited in a simulated concrete floor; c) Assess the concentrations and emissions of NH3 and greenhouse gases from commercial dairy cattle facilities; d) Evaluate the effects of different additives on lowering gaseous emissions from dairy cattle excreta, using a laboratory system simulating a dairy house concrete floor.
- Composting of different agro-food wastes: Effects of the phenolic and lignocellulosic fractions on greenhouse gases emissionsPublication . Santos, C.; Fonseca, J.; Coutinho, J.; Ferreira, L.; Pereira, J.; Trindade, H.Currently, society faces a number of challenges related to the large amounts of organic wastes generated and accumulated by the increasing expansion of agroindustrial activities1. Most of these wastes are rich in lignocellulosic compounds, which represents a major fraction of all plant biomass (of above 90%), so, its degradation is crucial for global carbon cycle2. These organic wastes may be introduced directly on agriculture sector as soil organic amendment, however, these might contain phytochemicals, such as phenolic compounds which may introduce toxic effects to soil and to beneficial organisms. Transformation and degradation of these renewable organic wastes into composts (COMPOSTING) is a possible solution for these problems and an environmentally friendly processes that allows make use of natural resources efficiently3. The main potential handicap is generation and emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and another ones which may led serious problems like nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH3) 4. For this reason, quantification of GHG emissions from composting and finding possible relations with the chemical and structural composition of the wastes used is crucial to the development of technologies for mitigating emissions and should help to make decisions concerning waste management.
- Routine histological technique applied to a biological model for environmental studiesPublication . Vala, Helena; Rodriguez-Seijo, A.; Lourenço, J.; Garcia, C.; Francisco, A.; Rocha-Santos, T.; Costa, J.; Pereira, R.Introduction and aim Earthworms are an important test organisms used in several standard ecotoxicological tests (e.g. ISO, 2008, 2012; OECD, 2004, 1094) and they are also model organisms to test soil structure and permeability, as well as for important soil services as the degradation organic matter. Although histopathological changes have been demonstrated to be good biomarkers to assess the exposure of these animals to different physical and chemical stress agents, studies with clear and high quality images describing normal tissue conditions are scarce in the literature, so the aim of this work was to better characterize this biological model. Material and Methods Eight adult earthworms exposed to an artificial standard soil (OECD, 2004) for 28 days, were extracted and placed in a plastic box to depurate their gut content, fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and processed for routine histopathological diagnosis. Results and discussion Satisfactory histological sections were obtained. Some difficulties were faced related with microtome sectioning, resulting in artefacts, namely lines across sections produced by a nick in the cutting edge of the microtome knife cutting tear, motivated by the presence of sand and other solid particles that persisted in the gut of earthworms. Nevertheless, it was possible to obtain representative figures from different earthworm sections. Conclusion Routine histological technique was effective for obtaining satisfactory histological sections and the knowledge of the histology of earthworms could be very useful for future application in environmental studies, using this biological model.