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- Sourdough lactic acid bacteria – from food industry by-products and alternative food stock valorization to neurotransmitters productionPublication . Bartkiene, E.; Bartkevics, V.; Santini, A.; Lele, V.; Starkute, V.; Zokaityte, E.; Klupsaite, D.; Zavistanaviciute, P.; Tolpeznikaite, E.; Mockus, E.; Mozuriene, E.; Ruibys, R.; Cernauskas, D.; Ozogul, F.; Guiné, Raquel P. F.; Domig, K. J.; Rocha, J. M.Abstract: Sourdough is a complex ecosystem, where lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts are dominant organisms. LAB isolated from sourdough can be employed as a biotechnological starters to improve the safety and functionality of food and feed, to provide added value and to increase safety of food industry by-products, to design synthesis of functional molecules in fermentable substrates, and to moderate the technologies for safer alternative stock (e.g., insect flour) incorporation to the main food (e.g., bread) formulas. Sourdough contains a wide range of LAB, which metabolic activity strongly affects the characteristics of the fermentable substrates. The addition of starter cultures under controlled conditions is a highly prospective technology for sustainable feed preparation. Metabolites of the LAB as well as viable LAB cells in fermented feed material leads to desirable changes in animal microbiota, better health and production quality. Additionally, the high-functionality fermented feed can be produced by applying sourdough LAB for the food industry by-product valorization. Also, fermentation with sourdough LAB greatly contribute not only to the flavour, aroma, and texture of the final product but also to functional molecules synthesis, e.g., galactooligosaccharides can be synthesized from the dairy industry by-products containing lactose; gamma-aminobutyric acid can be produced from the substrates containing L-glutamic acid (e.g., Spirulina). This type of bioconversion is a very promising technology for food and nutraceutical production. Finally, our works showed, that sourdough LAB application in industry is extremely broad: from food industry by-products and alternative food stock valorization to neurotransmitter production.
- Development and characterization of a ewe’s creamy cheese with aromatic plantsPublication . Guiné, R. P. F.; Teixeira-Lemos, Edite; Ribeiro, P.; Ferreira, M.; Oliveira, A. M.; Teixeira, A. R.; Castro, B.; Rodrigues, R.; Santos, S.; Rodrigues, A.; Santos, A.This work aimed at developing a new dairy product, made of ewe’s milk that cannot be used for making the Serra da Estrela cheese (with Protected Designation of Origin) for not filling the exact specifications. In this way are allied economic with environmental advan- tages. Because this unusable milk represents econom- ic loss for the producers while at the same time increas- ing the volume of effluents that need treatment, this alternative usage allies economic with environmental advantages. A total of 19 samples were produced, and these de- veloped creamy cheeses were evaluated according to formulation and conservation properties, and then submitted to a sensory evaluation and finally analysed in terms of physico-chemical microbiological and nu- tritional properties. The 19 formulations were tested to optimize formulations that would be acceptable in organoleptic terms as well as conservation capac- ity, under refrigeration, for an observational period of 3 weeks. This essay allowed selecting 5 versions of the product that showed best conservation capacity, which were then submitted to sensory evaluation. The sensory analyses involved two types of tests: de- scriptive sensory profile and preference test, and the obtained results allowed selecting the 2 best formu- lations as those most appreciated and with potential for commercialization: a control cheese and one with oregano, which were then analysed. Microbiological analyses were undertaken to verify if the products met the legally established microbiological limits, name- ly for assessing the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus) and Escherichia coli. Moisture, protein, lipids, salt and carbohydrates were analysed by Fourier transform near-infrared (FT- NIR) spectroscopy method and antioxidant activity was evaluated by reaction with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-pic- rylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Chemical composition revealed two similar products, but the sample with oregano had higher antioxidant activity as compared with control (70.96 ± 0.36 and 64.99 ± 2.74 mg/L TE, respectively). From the microbi- ological point of view both products were considered safe, with values of staphylococci and E. coli under the applicable regulation limits. In terms of nutritional val- ue, both sample shave high protein content (11.9 and 11.4 g/100 g, respectively for control and sample with oregano) but also high fat (13.9 and 12.3 g/100 g, re- spectively for control and sample with oregano) while being low in sugars (3.4 and 3.8 g/100 g), fiber (< 1%) or salt (< 1%). Energy of both samples was found to be 186 kcal/100 g for the control and 172 g/100g for sam- ple with oregano. In conclusion, in nutritional terms the samples could be considered safe High Protein content foods. More- over, as dairy products contain almost all the essential nutrients, the developed creamy cheeses should be consumed as part of a balanced diet. Finally, the production of these products allows the utilization of the milk that otherwise would have to be discarded, so bringing economic profit while at the same time mini- mizing the need to process it as effluent.