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Abstract(s)
O sector do turismo é um sector económico que é influenciado pelas alterações
climáticas e, que simultaneamente tem contribuído para a emissão dos gases de efeito estufa
(GEE) a nível mundial. Para reduzir os impactes destas emissões é necessário monitorizá-las e
desenvolver estratégias e medidas de forma a reduzir e compensá-las. Mediante este panorama,
durante o estágio no âmbito do Mestrado em Tecnologias Ambientais da Escola Superior de
Tecnologia e Gestão de Viseu que decorreu de 16 de dezembro de 2019 a 31 de maio de 2020
na Vertiriva, Lda foi desenvolvida e validada uma calculadora da Pegada de Carbono (PC) com o
intuito de ser aplicada ao sector do turismo em Portugal, mais propriamente ao subsector do
alojamento. A calculadora foi elaborada no Microsoft Excel (versão 365) e baseia-se na
contabilização das emissões GEE resultantes do consumo da eletricidade, água, combustíveis e
alimentos, da lavandaria e da produção de resíduos e de águas residuais. O desenvolvimento da
calculadora, envolveu diversas etapas, passando pelo estudo de todas as fontes de emissão dos
alojamentos, a seleção de componentes e indicadores para o cálculo da PC, pesquisa e
determinação dos fatores de emissão e desenvolvimento das fórmulas de cálculo.
Posteriormente a calculadora, foi aplicada a um caso de estudo que envolveu um hotel
de três estrelas localizado na região de Viseu com 20220 dormidas no ano de 2018. Para este
alojamento foi obtida uma PC anual de 166,85 tCO2e sendo que 37% corresponde à componente
da eletricidade, 25% à alimentação, 20% aos combustíveis, 10% à lavandaria, 6% aos resíduos e
2 % à AP consumida e AR produzida.
A validação da calculadora baseou-se na comparação dos resultados obtidos com duas
calculadoras da PC disponíveis online (Carbon Footprint LTD e Climate Care) para uso doméstico
e na Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) efetuada recorrendo ao software SimaPro PhD. A PC obtida
na calculadora desenvolvida no presente estudo foi ligeiramente superior à Carbon Footprint
LTD e inferior aos resultados da Climate Care pois esta apresenta uma emissão superior na
componente da eletricidade. Na ACV foram tidos em conta dois cenários, o Cenário 1 (com
pressupostos idênticos aos da calculadora) apresentou uma emissão superior à calculadora
(+23975,7 KgCO2e) tendo como principal responsável a componente da eletricidade. O Cenário
2 (com pressupostos que assentam na ACV) apresentou uma emissão superior (+72680 KgCO2e)
sendo os principais responsáveis por esta diferença as componentes da eletricidade e dos
combustíveis. Em todas as situações os fatores de emissão escolhidos para o estudo de cada
indicador foram os principais responsáveis pela diferença encontrada. Mediante os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que esta calculadora poderá ser um
auxílio para a monitorização e diminuição da emissão de GEE do sector do turismo em Portugal
nomeadamente no que diz respeito ao alojamento, permitindo assim que sejam tomadas
medidas de redução e compensação adequadas à realidade de cada alojamento.
ABSTRACT: The tourism sector is an economic sector that is influenced by climate changes and that simultaneously has contributed to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) worldwide. To decrease the impacts of these emissions, it is necessary to monitor them and develop strategies and measures in order to reduce and compensate for them. Against this background, during the internship under the Master's Degree in Environmental Technologies at the School of Technology and Management of Viseu, which took place from December 16, 2019 to May 31, 2020 at Vertiriva, Lda, a Carbon Footprint (CF) calculator was developed and validated in order to be applied to the tourism sector in Portugal, more specifically to the accommodation subsector. The calculator was developed in Microsoft Excel (version 365) and is based on accounting for GHG emissions resulting from the consumption of electricity, water, fuels and food, laundry and waste production. The development of the calculator, involved several steps like, going through the study of all the emission sources of the accommodation, the selection of components and indicators for the calculation of the CF, research and determination of the emission factors and development of the calculation formulas. Subsequently, the calculator was applied to a case study involving a three-star hotel located in the region of Viseu with 20220 overnight stays in 2018. For this accommodation, a annual CF of 166,85 tCO2e was obtained in which 37% corresponds to the component electricity, 25% to food, 20% to fuel, 10% to laundry, 6% to waste and 2% to water consumed and wastewater produced. The validation of the calculator was based on the comparison of the results obtained with two CF calculators available online (Carbon Footprint LTD and Climate Care) for home use and with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) carried out using the SimaPro PhD software. The CF obtained in the calculator developed in the present study was slightly higher than Carbon Footprint LTD and lower than the results of Climate Care because it has a higher emission in the electricity component. In LCA two scenarios were considered, Scenario 1 (with assumptions identical to those of the calculator) presented an emission higher than the calculator (+23975,7 KgCO2e) with the main responsible for the electricity component. Scenario 2 (with assumptions based on LCA) showed a higher emission (+72680 KgCO2e), with electricity and fuel components being the main responsible for this difference. In all situations, the emission factors chosen for the study of each indicator were mainly responsible for the difference found. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that this calculator could be an aid for monitoring and reducing GHG emissions from the tourism sector in Portugal, particularly regarding accommodation, thus allowing appropriate reduction and compensation measures to be taken to the reality of each accommodation.
ABSTRACT: The tourism sector is an economic sector that is influenced by climate changes and that simultaneously has contributed to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) worldwide. To decrease the impacts of these emissions, it is necessary to monitor them and develop strategies and measures in order to reduce and compensate for them. Against this background, during the internship under the Master's Degree in Environmental Technologies at the School of Technology and Management of Viseu, which took place from December 16, 2019 to May 31, 2020 at Vertiriva, Lda, a Carbon Footprint (CF) calculator was developed and validated in order to be applied to the tourism sector in Portugal, more specifically to the accommodation subsector. The calculator was developed in Microsoft Excel (version 365) and is based on accounting for GHG emissions resulting from the consumption of electricity, water, fuels and food, laundry and waste production. The development of the calculator, involved several steps like, going through the study of all the emission sources of the accommodation, the selection of components and indicators for the calculation of the CF, research and determination of the emission factors and development of the calculation formulas. Subsequently, the calculator was applied to a case study involving a three-star hotel located in the region of Viseu with 20220 overnight stays in 2018. For this accommodation, a annual CF of 166,85 tCO2e was obtained in which 37% corresponds to the component electricity, 25% to food, 20% to fuel, 10% to laundry, 6% to waste and 2% to water consumed and wastewater produced. The validation of the calculator was based on the comparison of the results obtained with two CF calculators available online (Carbon Footprint LTD and Climate Care) for home use and with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) carried out using the SimaPro PhD software. The CF obtained in the calculator developed in the present study was slightly higher than Carbon Footprint LTD and lower than the results of Climate Care because it has a higher emission in the electricity component. In LCA two scenarios were considered, Scenario 1 (with assumptions identical to those of the calculator) presented an emission higher than the calculator (+23975,7 KgCO2e) with the main responsible for the electricity component. Scenario 2 (with assumptions based on LCA) showed a higher emission (+72680 KgCO2e), with electricity and fuel components being the main responsible for this difference. In all situations, the emission factors chosen for the study of each indicator were mainly responsible for the difference found. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that this calculator could be an aid for monitoring and reducing GHG emissions from the tourism sector in Portugal, particularly regarding accommodation, thus allowing appropriate reduction and compensation measures to be taken to the reality of each accommodation.
Description
Keywords
Calculadora Gases de Efeito Estufa Indicadores Pegada de Carbono Turismo