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Liquefaction and chemical composition of walnut shells

2022Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorDomingos, Idalina
dc.contributor.authorFerreira, José
dc.contributor.authorCruz-Lopes, Luísa
dc.contributor.authorEsteves, Bruno
dc.date.accessioned2023-01-04T15:00:28Z
dc.date.available2023-01-04T15:00:28Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.description.abstractThe cultivation of walnut (Juglans regia L.) for the exploitation of the fruit has been increasingly recognized worldwide; therefore, it is important to valorize a large amount of biomass from walnut shells (WS), where liquefaction may play an important role. This work intends to contribute to an improved understanding of the best uses for this material. The assays were made with a binary mixture of ethylene glycol and glycerol (1:1 v/v) as solvents, catalyzed by sulfuric acid. The tested parameters were as follows: particle size >0.420– 0.177mm, temperature 140–200°C, and reaction time between 15 and 60min. The initial dried material, the liquefied material, and the resulting solid residue were analyzed by FTIRATR for polyol characterization. The results showed that WS are mostly composed of lignin with 35.0% and polysaccharides, 30.0% cellulose and 24.9% hemicelluloses. High-lignin content indicated that WS might be used as a bio-fuel or adhesives. Extractives represent 10.2% with almost half (4.6%) of polar extractives. The best conditions to attain the optimal liquefaction yield were 160°C, 30min, and 0.420–0.250mm particle size, for the tested parameters. FTIR spectrum of the liquefied material is very different from the original material, and solid residue spectra seem to indicate that there is higher liquefaction of polysaccharides when compared with lignin since there is a higher absorption at 1,600 cm−1 and lower absorption at 1,040 cm−1 and that liquefied compounds are probably in smaller molecules.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.citationDomingos, I., Ferreira, J., Cruz-Lopes, L., and Esteves, B. (2021). Liquefaction and chemical composition of walnut shells. Open Agriculture 2022; 7: 249–256pt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1515/opag-2022-0072pt_PT
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.19/7496
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.relationThis work is financed by national funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P., through CERNAS Research Centre, within the scope of the project UIDB/00681/2020.pt_PT
dc.subjectwalnut shellspt_PT
dc.subjectchemical compositionpt_PT
dc.subjectpolyalcohol liquefactionpt_PT
dc.subjectbiomasspt_PT
dc.titleLiquefaction and chemical composition of walnut shellspt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.endPage256pt_PT
oaire.citation.issue1pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage249pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleOpen Agriculturept_PT
oaire.citation.volume7pt_PT
person.familyNameDomingos
person.familyNameFerreira
person.familyNameGonçalves Oliveira Valente da Cruz-Lopes
person.familyNameEsteves
person.givenNameidalina
person.givenNameJosé
person.givenNameLuísa Paula
person.givenNameBruno
person.identifier2119255
person.identifier.ciencia-id7116-E1DE-88E7
person.identifier.ciencia-idB81E-BE45-E128
person.identifier.ciencia-id7916-0833-5B38
person.identifier.ciencia-id521B-63A7-B248
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-4308-1563
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-7596-8065
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-6502-7202
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-6660-3128
person.identifier.ridC-2173-2012
person.identifier.scopus-author-id24281086400
person.identifier.scopus-author-id18133647300
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57202554441
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
relation.isAuthorOfPublication50134ab7-55eb-4e8a-a5ea-5cc54b1468e3
relation.isAuthorOfPublication7d09c228-3415-4272-9299-89c6951565d7
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relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoverya3351493-41e8-4758-acae-39e3382d0b04

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