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- Impact of Covid‐19 on the convergence of GDP per capita in OECD countriesPublication . Martinho, VítorThe main objective of this study is to assess the consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) on the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. For this purpose, the developments from the convergence theory for panel data were considered, as well as data from the OECD database for the last quarter of 2017 to the third quarter of 2020. This statistical information was, also, analysed through spatial autocorrelation approaches. The findings obtained show that the pandemic, specifically in the first two quarters of 2020, eliminated the signs of convergence verified from the end of 2017 until the end of 2019 in OECD countries, bringing new challenges for the future. In terms of policy recommendations, it is suggested to design instruments by the European Union and international organizations in order to promote a globally balanced development, preventing consequences beyond the socioeconomic.
- Economics of Tourism in Portugal: Impacts of the COVID-19 PandemicPublication . Martinho, VítorTaking into account the current world conditions and the importance of the tourism sector for the Portuguese economy, the main objective of this book is to highlight the economic contexts of tourism in Portugal at regional and municipal levels, namely presenting the frameworks before the Covid-19 pandemic and discussing the main implications for the future. To this purpose, economic dynamics are described for each of the dimensions of tourism in the Portuguese reality. From these frameworks, several discussions about future perspectives in these dimensions are presented.
- Economic Growth: Sigma and Beta Convergence Processes WorldwidePublication . Martinho, VítorThe economic growth process worldwide has been subject to several disturbances with different origins. These disruptions have consequences on the economic dynamics of the countries with impacts on human living conditions and the efforts for more sustainable development. These old and new challenges call for contributions that allow for a better understanding of the current contexts, namely in terms of economic evolution and how the interactions between diverse nations have been affected. In this framework, this chapter intends to assess the convergence process worldwide, considering statistical information from the World Bank for the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the last decades. To achieve these objectives, the developments from the Neoclassical Theory were considered, specifically those related to the sigma and beta convergence approaches. To better support the methodologies taken into account, structural breaks were also tested. The findings obtained highlight the differences in the dynamics of economic growth in distinct sub-periods over the last decades.
- Economic growth in the Sub-Saharan African world region: convergence theoryPublication . Martinho, VítorPurpose The processes of convergence are particularly challenging in the Sub-Saharan African frameworks, considering the diversity of contexts and endogenous particularities. Creating conditions to support these nations to improve their socioeconomic dynamics and performance requires additional contributions from international organisations, governments and the scientific community. In this scenario, this paper aims to analyse the convergence process in Sub-Saharan African countries over the past three decades. Design/methodology/approach To achieve these objectives, data from the World Bank were considered for the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita over the period 1990–2021. This statistical information was assessed through panel data approaches based on the models from the convergence theory. Specifically, the concepts of sigma and beta convergence were addressed, as well as the concept of catch-up rates. Findings The findings obtained highlight evidence of the existence of clubs of convergence among the Sub-Saharan African countries and the processes of catching up. These results may be relevant support for the policymakers and international funds and programmes. Originality/value This research provides a new perspective on the convergence of GDP per capita in Sub-Saharan African countries, based on an analysis focused on groups of countries identified on the basis of catch-up rates. This approach presents a way of dealing with the different specificities of these nations.
- Will All Municipalities Be Affected in the Same Way by Changes in Overnight Stays?Publication . Martinho, VítorThe municipalities in Portugal play a crucial role in promoting tourism in an integrated way, and appear, in some cases, as essential territorial brands for the respective marketing plans. This territorial marketing may take advantages of natural, cultural and historical municipal heritage to create wealth and maintain the identity and heterogeneity. Of course, the supranational and transnational cooperation to combine strategies are, also, important in a perspective of complementarity. In this context, this study aims to provide a perspective of the tourism sector in Portugal, through bibliometric analysis and statistical survey, so as to show the importance of the Portuguese municipalities in the performance of tourism and to highlight the impacts, at a municipal level, from the Covid-19 pandemic. The results reveal that the impacts from the pandemic were not symmetrical across the Portuguese territory and that the more affected municipalities were those which were more dependent on mass tourism, specifically those located in the big cities and the Algarve.
- The Main Changes in Tourism Revenues: There Are Alternatives?Publication . Martinho, VítorThe competitiveness of the tourism sector in Portugal is crucial for economic performance in the Portuguese context. The new paradigms created by the pandemic have compromised this competitiveness and the alternatives are, for now, not well perceived or understood by the several stakeholders. For example, the possibility of reconverting employees from the tourism sector into the social sector was not well received by the various key players involved. To better support the design of new policies, namely to find alternatives for the unemployment that will be created by the Covid-19 pandemic, the objective of this study is to present a perspective of tourism revenue before and after the pandemic. The main outcomes suggest that it will be urgent to find new alternatives of business and employment in order to mitigate the impacts from these new paradigms, due to the decrease across the several dimensions of revenue which has been accentuated and the perspectives for the summer months are not promising enough to overcome the dramatic context created.
- Direct and indirect energy consumption in farming: Impacts from fertilizer usePublication . Martinho, VítorIndirect energy consumption represents a considerable amount of the energy used in the agricultural sector, but its assessment is not an easy task, due to the several dimensions, including those from dynamic externalities. The direct and indirect energy inputs assume special relevance within the frameworks related to fertilizers used in farming systems. On the other hand, the literature review shows that there is margin for further exploration into these domains for the context in the European Union. From this perspective, the main objective of this study is to quantify the direct impact on energy costs from the use of fertilizers in farming as well as the indirect impact on total energy consumption from the use of fertilizers in the agricultural sector. For this purpose, data were considered for European Union (EU) countries from; the Farm Accountancy Data Network, Eurostat, Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Bank and the International Energy Agency. This statistical information was evaluated through descriptive approaches and panel data econometric methodologies. The results show that the direct impacts on farming energy costs from the use of fertilizers are modest (the energy costs increased by about 0.1% point, when the fertilizer costs grow by 1% point). In turn, the indirect impact on the total energy consumption from fertilizer use in the agricultural sector is null for nitrogen and similar for phosphate and potash (around 0.015% points). The literature review shows that there are few studies addressing direct and indirect energy use in the European Union framework and less so for the farming sector, highlighting the novelty of this research.
- The Evolution in Number of Guests and Overnight Stays: Is the Tourism Sector Sufficiently Prepared for New Paradigms?Publication . Martinho, VítorThe Covid-19 pandemic has created new realities and contexts that provide real challenges for the population, economic operators and public institutions. The tourism sector in Portugal is particularly vulnerable to these new scenarios and considering the sheer weight of these activities on the Portuguese economy, the framework which has been generated is a real problem for the several stakeholders. From different dimensions of the tourism sector in Portugal, in this study indicators associated with guests and overnight stays were selected. The evolution of these indicators was first analysed and later correlated with other economic variables. The main objective was to assess the evolution of the sector over recent years and the impacts from Covid-19 on these frameworks. The results and the main insights obtained show that nobody was prepared for this economic blow and that the evolution of the tourism sector in Portugal since March 2020 has suffered a strong negative trend, more than in other sectors, due to the vulnerability of the sector to human mobility, namely from international markets.