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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Introdução: A Doença de Alzheimer é uma patologia neurodegenerativa primária, de etiologia desconhecida e influenciada por vários fatores com aspetos neuropatológicos e neuroquímicos característicos. Atualmente, os fármacos aprovados para o tratamento desta doença apenas permitem aliviar os sintomas sendo acompanhados por diversos efeitos secundários. A nanotecnologia aparece como alternativa para o tratamento do Alzheimer, por oferecer muitas vantagens para a medicina contemporânea permitindo um diagnóstico e tratamento não invasivos e direcionados, reduzindo as reações adversas e os efeitos sistémicos. Objetivo: Reconhecer as potencialidades do uso de nanopartículas no tratamento da Doença de Alzheimer, identificando os tratamentos mais promissores e quais os seus possíveis efeitos secundários. Métodos: Revisão bibliográfica narrativa a partir de consulta a bases de dados como Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed e Scielo. Resultados: As nanopartículas de ouro mostram-se capazes de atravessar a barreira hematoencefálica (BHE), carregando fármacos essenciais para a inibição da agregação dos péptidos Aβ, bem como dissolver fibrilhas pré-existentes. Polímeros biodegradáveis e biocompatíveis, como o polilactídeo poliglicólico (PLGA), constituem uma abordagem promissora e segura, tendo sido muito utilizados. As melhores técnicas são aquelas que garantem que as nanopartículas são capazes de atravessar a barreira hematoencefálica (BHE), atingir o seu alvo terapêutico, bem como garantir que estas partículas não induzem efeitos tóxicos no organismo. Apesar das nanopartículas serem capazes de tratar algumas doenças de forma eficiente, pouco se conhece sobre os seus efeitos secundários, estes poderão ou não ser mais danosos para o organismo do que a doença que pretenderam tratar. Conclusão: Existem várias abordagens terapêuticas promissoras, porém nenhuma ainda aprovada, uma vez que é difícil manter concentrações adequadas de fármaco no espaço intraneuronal. Estabelecer a dose tóxica é necessário para o uso aprovado de uma nanopartícula num tratamento, porém é quase impossível prever os seus efeitos citotóxicos em regiões extra-neuronais.
Introduction: Alzheimer's Disease is a primary neurodegenerative pathology of unknown etiology and influenced by several factors with characteristic neuropathological and neurochemical features. Currently, drugs approved for the treatment of this disease only allow to relieve symptoms and are accompanied by several side effects. Nanotechnology appears as an alternative for the treatment of Alzheimer's, as it offers many advantages to modern medicine allowing a non-invasive and targeted diagnosis and treatment, reducing adverse reactions and systemic effects. Objective: The article aims to recognize the potential of using nanoparticles in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease, identifying the most promising treatments and their possible side effects. Methods: A narrative bibliographic review based on consulting databases such as Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed and Scielo. Results: Gold nanoparticles are capable of crossing BHE, carrying essential drugs to inhibit the aggregation of Aβ peptides, as well as dissolve pre-existing fibrilla. Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, such as polyglycolic polylactide (PLGA), are a promising and safe approach and have been widely used. The best techniques are those that guarantee that nanoparticles are capable of crossing the BHE, reach their therapeutic target, as well as guarantee that these particles do not induce toxic effects in the body. Although nanoparticles are able to treat some diseases efficiently, little is known about their side effects, they may or may not be more harmful to the body than the disease they intended to treat. Conclusion: There are several promising therapeutic approaches, but none has yet been approved, since it is difficult to maintain adequate drug concentrations in the intraneuronal space. Establishing the toxic dose is necessary for the approved use of a nanoparticle in a treatment, but it is almost impossible to predict its cytotoxic effects in extraneuronal regions.
Introduction: Alzheimer's Disease is a primary neurodegenerative pathology of unknown etiology and influenced by several factors with characteristic neuropathological and neurochemical features. Currently, drugs approved for the treatment of this disease only allow to relieve symptoms and are accompanied by several side effects. Nanotechnology appears as an alternative for the treatment of Alzheimer's, as it offers many advantages to modern medicine allowing a non-invasive and targeted diagnosis and treatment, reducing adverse reactions and systemic effects. Objective: The article aims to recognize the potential of using nanoparticles in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease, identifying the most promising treatments and their possible side effects. Methods: A narrative bibliographic review based on consulting databases such as Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed and Scielo. Results: Gold nanoparticles are capable of crossing BHE, carrying essential drugs to inhibit the aggregation of Aβ peptides, as well as dissolve pre-existing fibrilla. Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, such as polyglycolic polylactide (PLGA), are a promising and safe approach and have been widely used. The best techniques are those that guarantee that nanoparticles are capable of crossing the BHE, reach their therapeutic target, as well as guarantee that these particles do not induce toxic effects in the body. Although nanoparticles are able to treat some diseases efficiently, little is known about their side effects, they may or may not be more harmful to the body than the disease they intended to treat. Conclusion: There are several promising therapeutic approaches, but none has yet been approved, since it is difficult to maintain adequate drug concentrations in the intraneuronal space. Establishing the toxic dose is necessary for the approved use of a nanoparticle in a treatment, but it is almost impossible to predict its cytotoxic effects in extraneuronal regions.
Description
Keywords
doença de alzheimer nanomateriais plga nanotecnologia toxicidade lzheimer's disease nanomaterials nanotechnology toxicity
Citation
Cruz-Lopes, L., Lopes, A., Escudeiro, M., Duarte, C., Ferreira, R., Graça, F., Silva, I., & Esteves, B. (2022). Nanopartículas no tratamento da doença de Alzheimer: artigo de revisão. Millenium - Revista de Educação, Tecnologias e Saúde, 2(ed espec nº10), 77-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29352/mill0210e.26245