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Avaliação da aplicação de produtos fitofarmacêuticos com drone, numa vinha tradicional do Douro vinhateiro
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A aplicação de produtos fitofarmacêuticos com drones representa uma tecnologia emergente com elevado potencial para a viticultura de montanha, particularmente em vinhas tradicionais do Douro, onde a mecanização é limitada pelo relevo e a pulverização manual continua a ser a prática dominante. Contudo, a utilização desta tecnologia em Portugal permanece condicionada pelo atual enquadramento legal, tornando necessária a produção de evidência científica sobre a sua eficácia, segurança e viabilidade operacional. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a aplicação de fungicidas por drone e por pulverização manual no controlo do míldio ('Plasmopara viticola') e do oídio ('Erysiphe necator') numa vinha tradicional da Região Demarcada do Douro. O ensaio foi conduzido durante o ciclo vegetativo 2025, em conformidade com as orientações da norma EPPO PP 1/152 (4) – Design and analysis of efficacy evaluation trials (EPPO, 2012) e das normas específicas para a avaliação da eficácia de fungicidas no controlo do míldio e do oídio da videira (EPPO, 2021a, 2021b). O delineamento experimental compreendeu parcelas tratadas por aplicação com drone, parcelas tratadas por pulverização manual e parcelas testemunha não tratadas. Foram avaliadas a eficácia fitossanitária dos tratamentos, a qualidade da deposição da calda, o potencial de deriva, o tempo de execução das aplicações e os custos operacionais associados a cada método de aplicação. Os resultados demonstraram que os tratamentos realizados por drone e por pulverização manual apresentaram eficácia equivalente no controlo do míldio e do oídio, não se verificando diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre ambas as modalidades, enquanto as parcelas testemunha evidenciaram níveis significativamente superiores de infeção. A avaliação da deposição da calda confirmou uma cobertura adequada da vegetação em ambos os métodos, e a análise da deriva indicou reduzido risco de dispersão quando respeitados os parâmetros de calibração e as condições meteorológicas recomendadas. Não foram observados sintomas de fitotoxicidade em nenhuma das modalidades de aplicação. Do ponto de vista operacional, a aplicação por drone permitiu tratar aproximadamente 1 ha/h, enquanto a pulverização manual exigiu, em média, 6,5 h/ha, representando um aumento muito significativo da produtividade. Em termos económicos, o custo da prestação de serviços com drone variou entre 45 e 190 €/ha, dependendo da dimensão da parcela e das condições operacionais, enquanto a pulverização manual apresentou um custo médio estimado de 62,5 €/ha. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de produtos fitofarmacêuticos por drone constitui uma alternativa tecnicamente viável para a proteção fitossanitária da vinha, em particular nas vinhas tradicionais do Douro, assegurando níveis de eficácia equivalentes aos da pulverização manual e proporcionando vantagens significativas ao nível da rapidez de execução, da redução, da penosidade, do trabalho e da diminuição da exposição dos operadores aos produtos fitofarmacêuticos. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para o conhecimento científico nesta área e fornecem informação relevante para futuras avaliações do enquadramento regulamentar da utilização de drones na aplicação de produtos fitofarmacêuticos em Portugal.
ABSTRACT: The application of plant protection products with drones represents an emerging technology with high potential for mountain viticulture, particularly in traditional Douro vineyards, where mechanization is limited by the terrain and manual spraying remains the dominant practice. However, the use of this technology in Portugal remains conditioned by the current legal framework, making it necessary to produce scientific evidence on its effectiveness, safety and operational feasibility. This study aimed to compare the application of fungicides by drone and by manual spraying in the control of downy mildew ("Plasmopara viticola") and powdery mildew ("Erysiphe necator") in a traditional vineyard in the Douro Demarcated Region. The trial was conducted during the 2025 growing season, in accordance with the guidelines of EPPO PP 1/152 (4) – Design and analysis of efficacy evaluation trials (EPPO, 2012) and the specific standards for evaluating the efficacy of fungicides in controlling downy mildew and powdery mildew in grapevines (EPPO, 2021a, 2021b). The experimental design comprised plots treated by drone application, plots treated by manual spraying and untreated control plots. The phytosanitary efficacy of the treatments, the quality of spray deposition, the drift potential, the application time and the operational costs associated with each application method were evaluated. The results demonstrated that treatments performed by drone and manual spraying showed equivalent efficacy in controlling downy mildew and powdery mildew, with no statistically significant differences between the two methods, while the control plots showed significantly higher levels of infection. The evaluation of spray deposition confirmed adequate vegetation coverage in both methods, and the drift analysis indicated a reduced risk of dispersion when calibration parameters and recommended meteorological conditions were respected. No symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed in either application method. From an operational point of view, drone application allowed for the treatment of approximately 1 ha/h, while manual spraying required an average of 6.5 h/ha, representing a very significant increase in productivity. In economic terms, the cost of drone services ranged from €45 to €190/ha, depending on the size of the plot and operational conditions, while manual spraying had an estimated average cost of €62.5/ha. It was concluded that the application of plant protection products by drone constitutes a technically viable alternative for the phytosanitary protection of vineyards, particularly in the traditional vineyards of the Douro, ensuring levels of effectiveness equivalent to those of manual spraying and providing significant advantages in terms of speed of execution, reduction of labor arduousness and reduction of operator exposure to plant protection products. The results obtained contribute to scientific knowledge in this area and provide relevant information for future assessments of the regulatory framework for the use of drones in the application of plant protection products in Portugal.
ABSTRACT: The application of plant protection products with drones represents an emerging technology with high potential for mountain viticulture, particularly in traditional Douro vineyards, where mechanization is limited by the terrain and manual spraying remains the dominant practice. However, the use of this technology in Portugal remains conditioned by the current legal framework, making it necessary to produce scientific evidence on its effectiveness, safety and operational feasibility. This study aimed to compare the application of fungicides by drone and by manual spraying in the control of downy mildew ("Plasmopara viticola") and powdery mildew ("Erysiphe necator") in a traditional vineyard in the Douro Demarcated Region. The trial was conducted during the 2025 growing season, in accordance with the guidelines of EPPO PP 1/152 (4) – Design and analysis of efficacy evaluation trials (EPPO, 2012) and the specific standards for evaluating the efficacy of fungicides in controlling downy mildew and powdery mildew in grapevines (EPPO, 2021a, 2021b). The experimental design comprised plots treated by drone application, plots treated by manual spraying and untreated control plots. The phytosanitary efficacy of the treatments, the quality of spray deposition, the drift potential, the application time and the operational costs associated with each application method were evaluated. The results demonstrated that treatments performed by drone and manual spraying showed equivalent efficacy in controlling downy mildew and powdery mildew, with no statistically significant differences between the two methods, while the control plots showed significantly higher levels of infection. The evaluation of spray deposition confirmed adequate vegetation coverage in both methods, and the drift analysis indicated a reduced risk of dispersion when calibration parameters and recommended meteorological conditions were respected. No symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed in either application method. From an operational point of view, drone application allowed for the treatment of approximately 1 ha/h, while manual spraying required an average of 6.5 h/ha, representing a very significant increase in productivity. In economic terms, the cost of drone services ranged from €45 to €190/ha, depending on the size of the plot and operational conditions, while manual spraying had an estimated average cost of €62.5/ha. It was concluded that the application of plant protection products by drone constitutes a technically viable alternative for the phytosanitary protection of vineyards, particularly in the traditional vineyards of the Douro, ensuring levels of effectiveness equivalent to those of manual spraying and providing significant advantages in terms of speed of execution, reduction of labor arduousness and reduction of operator exposure to plant protection products. The results obtained contribute to scientific knowledge in this area and provide relevant information for future assessments of the regulatory framework for the use of drones in the application of plant protection products in Portugal.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
UAV Produtos fitofarmacêuticos Pulverização Míldio Oídio Douro Plant protection products Spraying Downy mildew Powdery mildew Vineyard
Contexto Educativo
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Licença CC
Sem licença CC