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Competitive Adsorption of Metal Ions by Lignocellulosic Materials: A Review of Applications, Mechanisms and Influencing Factors
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Abstract(s)
The rapid expansion of industrial and agricultural activities in recent years has significantly contributed to water pollution leading to a decline in water quality and the need for effective treatment and reuse strategies. Metal contamination in water bodies poses severe environmental and health risks, making the development of cost-effective and sustainable remediation methods essential. Among the various treatment approaches, biosorption using biological adsorbents has emerged as a promising alternative due to its low cost and high efficiency. However, while the adsorption mechanisms of single metals are well understood, the competitive interactions between multiple metal ions during the sorption process remain less explored. In this review, we analyze the competitive biosorption of metals in multi-metallic wastewater systems. Key factors influencing metal removal, such as pH, contact time, biosorbent dosage, and initial metal concentration, are discussed, along with the intrinsic properties of biosorbents and metal ions that affect sorption efficiency. Additionally, we highlight recent studies on agroforestry byproducts as effective biosorbents for metal removal, showcasing their potential for sustainable water treatment. Heavy metals pose significant risks even at low concentrations, necessitating robust regulations and advanced treatment technologies; biomass byproducts, as cost-effective biosorbents, can be optimized through pre-treatment, activation, pH and temperature control, and particle size reduction, while effectively manage
Description
Keywords
wastewater treatment multi-metallic adsorption process mechanisms of sorption main influence factors lignocellulosic byproducts biosorbents
Citation
Macena, M.; Pereira, H.; Cruz-Lopes, L.; Grosche, L.; Esteves, B. Competitive Adsorption of Metal Ions by Lignocellulosic Materials: A Review of Applications, Mechanisms and Influencing Factors. Separations 2025, 12, 70. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/separations12030070