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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA) assume-se como o mais grave
problema de saúde pública da era moderna, apelidada pela OMS como a Primeira Crise Mundial
da Saúde é uma doença que transpõe a sua índole de patologia do sistema imunitário
anunciando-se como uma doença social, de índole comportamental que tem nos adolescentes um
dos grupos de maior vulnerabilidade. De acordo com os dados da UNAIDS (2012), o grupo etário
dos 15 aos 24 anos representa o agregado de maior contaminação, atingindo 41% dos novos
casos.
A adolescência é uma fase de mudanças, de descobertas, de conquista de autonomia e
de construção de uma nova identidade em que uma nova sexualidade se vai moldando e tomando
forma de vivência em vivência, de descoberta em descoberta, num contexto por vezes pouco
favorável, determinado pela sua imaturidade, comportamentos sexuais de risco e por uma
informação ineficiente, não legitimada, que obtiveram e utilizam de forma oculta. Foi neste
contexto que se delineou o objectivo geral deste estudo, determinar as relações de causalidade
entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, de contexto escolar, de contexto familiar, variáveis
psicológicas e as atitudes face à sexualidade com o nível de conhecimentos sobre Sida dos
adolescentes do ensino secundário do distrito de Viseu.
Este estudo, de carácter quantitativo, descritivo/correlacional, analítico e transversal,
realizou-se numa amostra de 971 adolescentes, do 10º, 11º e 12º ano. Os inquiridos têm idades
compreendidas entre os 14 e os 21 anos, com uma média de 16,80 anos, com um desvio padrão
de 1,38. Vivem maioritariamente em meio rural (66,40%), em agregados familiares com
rendimento mensal médio alto ou alto (56,70%). Para avaliação dos conhecimentos foi utilizada a
Escala de Conhecimentos sobre Sida para Adolescentes (Zimet et al. 1998) que validamos para a
população portuguesa com propriedades psicométricas que certificam a sua validade; índice de
fiabilidade, calculado pelo método das metades de Split Half apresenta um alfa de Cronbach
global = 0,875; primeira metade =0,817;segunda metade=0,752.
Os adolescentes que apresentam um maior nível de conhecimentos sobre Sida são do
sexo feminino (t=5,25; p=0,000), têm 17 anos (F=5,63; p=0,004) e vivem em agregados com
rendimentos rendimento médio alto e alto. (t=-2,05; p=0,040).
Os adolescentes do 12º ano são os que revelam mais conhecimentos ( =15,62±4,51) e as
diferenças situam-se entre os do 10º, e os dos 11º e 12º anos com probabilidades
respectivamente de (p=0.009) e (p=0.000). Os alunos que nunca chumbaram possuem médias de
conhecimentos mais elevados com significância estatística (t=5,75; p=0,000). Os jovens com baixa
auto-estima possuem menos conhecimentos (X
2=26,425; p=0,000), sendo as diferenças obtidas
registadas entre os de baixa e elevada auto-estima (p=0.000).
Os resultados obtidos pela regressão múltipla indicam como variáveis preditivas do
conhecimento as atitudes face à sexualidade (0,329), a impulsividade/actividade (0,152) e a autoeficácia
(0,068) revelando que a mais conhecimentos sobre Sida corresponde um melhor autoconceito,
melhor auto-eficácia e melhores atitudes face à sexualidade. A análise dos resultados
obtidos leva-nos a concluir que o conhecimento, condição essencial para uma tomada de decisão
responsável, é influenciado por muitos factores intrínsecos e extrínsecos às vivências do
adolescente das quais destacamos o sexo, a idade, o contexto familiar e escolar, a auto-estima e
o auto-conceito e as atitudes face à sexualidade.
Palavras-chave: Conhecimentos sobre Sida, adolescência, auto-estima, auto-conceito, atitudes
face á sexualidade.
ABSTRACT The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is assumed to be the most serious public health problem in the modern era, dubbed by the WHO as the First World Health Crisis. The disease crosses its pathologic character as a disease of the immune system announcing itself as a social disease with a behavioural nature that has in adolescents one of the most vulnerable groups. According to data from UNAIDS (2012), the age group from 15 to 24 represents the aggregate of higher contamination, reaching 41% of new cases. Adolescence is a time of change, discovery and conquest of autonomy. It is a time to build a new identity, a new sexuality will be taking shape from experience to experience, from discovery to discovery, in a context that sometimes is unfavourable, determined by their immaturity, sexual risk behaviours and inefficient information, not legitimized, obtained and used in a hidden way. The purpose of this study was to determine the causal relationships between sociodemographic, school context, family context, psychological variables and attitudes towards sexuality and the level of knowledge about AIDS of adolescents in High School education in the district of Viseu. This is a quantitative, descriptive / correlational, analytical and transversal study with a sample of 971 adolescents, of the 10th, 11th and 12th year of school. Respondents are aged between 14 and 21 years, with an average 16.80 years, with a standard deviation of 1.38, mostly living in rural areas (66.40%), households with a medium high or high monthly income (56.70%). For assessment of knowledge we used the AIDS Knowledge Scale for Adolescents (Zimet et al. 1998) validated for the Portuguese population with psychometric properties that certify its validity, reliability index, calculated by the method of Split Half, global Cronbach alpha = 0.875; first half = 0.817, second half = 0.752. Adolescents who have a higher level of knowledge about AIDS are female (t = 5.25, p = 0.000), have 17 years (F = 5.63, p = 0.004) and live in households with a medium high or high average income (t = -2.05, p = 0.040). Teenagers in the 12th grade are the more knowledgeable ( = 15.62 ± 4.51) and there are differences between those and the ones attending the 10th and the 11th years of school with probabilities respectively of (p = 0.009) and (p = 0.000), students who have never flunked have on average higher knowledge with statistical significance (t = 5.75, p = 0.000). Students with low selfesteem have less knowledge (X2 = 26.425, p = 0.000), being the differences obtained between the low and high self-esteem (p = 0.000). The results obtained by multiple regression indicate as predictive variables of knowledge the attitudes towards sexuality (0.329), impulsivity / activity (0.152) and self-efficacy (0.068) revealing that more knowledge about AIDS represents a better self-concept, better self-efficacy and better attitudes towards sexuality. The analysis of the results leads us to conclude that knowledge, a prerequisite for responsible decision-making is influenced by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors to adolescent experiences which include sex, age, family and school background, self-esteem, self-concept and attitudes towards sexuality. Keywords: Knowledge about AIDS, adolescence, sexuality, self-esteem, self-concept, attitudes towards sexuality.
ABSTRACT The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is assumed to be the most serious public health problem in the modern era, dubbed by the WHO as the First World Health Crisis. The disease crosses its pathologic character as a disease of the immune system announcing itself as a social disease with a behavioural nature that has in adolescents one of the most vulnerable groups. According to data from UNAIDS (2012), the age group from 15 to 24 represents the aggregate of higher contamination, reaching 41% of new cases. Adolescence is a time of change, discovery and conquest of autonomy. It is a time to build a new identity, a new sexuality will be taking shape from experience to experience, from discovery to discovery, in a context that sometimes is unfavourable, determined by their immaturity, sexual risk behaviours and inefficient information, not legitimized, obtained and used in a hidden way. The purpose of this study was to determine the causal relationships between sociodemographic, school context, family context, psychological variables and attitudes towards sexuality and the level of knowledge about AIDS of adolescents in High School education in the district of Viseu. This is a quantitative, descriptive / correlational, analytical and transversal study with a sample of 971 adolescents, of the 10th, 11th and 12th year of school. Respondents are aged between 14 and 21 years, with an average 16.80 years, with a standard deviation of 1.38, mostly living in rural areas (66.40%), households with a medium high or high monthly income (56.70%). For assessment of knowledge we used the AIDS Knowledge Scale for Adolescents (Zimet et al. 1998) validated for the Portuguese population with psychometric properties that certify its validity, reliability index, calculated by the method of Split Half, global Cronbach alpha = 0.875; first half = 0.817, second half = 0.752. Adolescents who have a higher level of knowledge about AIDS are female (t = 5.25, p = 0.000), have 17 years (F = 5.63, p = 0.004) and live in households with a medium high or high average income (t = -2.05, p = 0.040). Teenagers in the 12th grade are the more knowledgeable ( = 15.62 ± 4.51) and there are differences between those and the ones attending the 10th and the 11th years of school with probabilities respectively of (p = 0.009) and (p = 0.000), students who have never flunked have on average higher knowledge with statistical significance (t = 5.75, p = 0.000). Students with low selfesteem have less knowledge (X2 = 26.425, p = 0.000), being the differences obtained between the low and high self-esteem (p = 0.000). The results obtained by multiple regression indicate as predictive variables of knowledge the attitudes towards sexuality (0.329), impulsivity / activity (0.152) and self-efficacy (0.068) revealing that more knowledge about AIDS represents a better self-concept, better self-efficacy and better attitudes towards sexuality. The analysis of the results leads us to conclude that knowledge, a prerequisite for responsible decision-making is influenced by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors to adolescent experiences which include sex, age, family and school background, self-esteem, self-concept and attitudes towards sexuality. Keywords: Knowledge about AIDS, adolescence, sexuality, self-esteem, self-concept, attitudes towards sexuality.
Description
Keywords
Adolescente Auto-conceito Conhecimentos, atitudes e prática em saúde Educação sexual Sexualidade Síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Adolescent Health knowledge, attitudes, practice Self concept Sex education Sexuality
Citation
Publisher
Instituto Politécnico de Viseu. Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu