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- Social Justice: Disparities in Average Earnings across Portuguese MunicipalitiesPublication . Martinho, VítorAn ever-ongoing discussion these days involves the disparities in monthly earnings across di erent genders, geographical locations, levels of education, economic sectors, and skills and careers, with various economic and social consequences. In fact, in a framework such as that in which we live in nowadays (with pertinent concerns about economic and social convergences across several indicators), investigating these disparities would be interesting in order to complement the basis that is considered for the design of social policies. There are few studies considering the approaches here developed for this topic. The objective of this study is to analyse the disparities in the average monthly earnings received by employees across Portuguese mainland municipalities over the period 2004–2012, considering as additional analysis criteria geographical location, gender, levels of qualification, levels of education, economic sectors, professional activities, and further qualifications. For this both a cluster and factor analysis were considered to better identify municipalities with similar characteristics and correlations among variables. The results show that the disparities in the monthly average earnings between the Portuguese municipalities are related to three indexes associated with gender, qualifications, and chosen professions. The findings presented are specific to the Portuguese framework; however, the approaches developed in this study may be applied in other contexts to explore the dynamics related with the topic of social justice.
- Entrepreneurship: some considerationsPublication . Martinho, VítorIn this work it is presented some considerations about entrepreneurship. Most of these questions are linked with Portuguese context. Portugal has some particularities, namely because the asymmetries between the littoral and the interior. This situation carried out some problems that complicate and prevent the appearance of new innovated business. In a situation of crisis like that we have today this context can become a really problem to solve some questions.
- The Agricultural Economics of the 21st CenturyPublication . Martinho, VítorThis publication provides insight into the agricultural sector. It illustrates new tendencies in agricultural economics and dynamics (interrelationship with other sectors in rural zones and multifunctionality) and the implications of the World Trade Organization negotiations in the international trade of agricultural products. Due to environmental problems, availability of budget, consumer preferences for food safety and pressure from the World Trade Organization, there are many changes in the agricultural sector. This book addresses those new developments and provides insights into possible future developments. The agricultural activity is an economic sector that is fundamental for a sustainable economic growth of every country. However, this sector has many particularities, namely those related with some structural problems (many farms with reduced dimension, sometimes lack of vocational training of the farmers, difficulties of put the farmers together in associations and cooperatives), variations of the productions and prices over the year and some environmental problems derived from the utilization of pesticides and fertilizers.
- Estimating relationships between forest fires and greenhouse gas emissions: circular and cumulative effects or unidirectional causality?Publication . Martinho, VítorGreenhouse gas emissions have relevant implications on increases in global temperatures. In turn, forest fires cause significant damage to populations and economic activities, compromising sustainable development and sustainability. However, sometimes, these two phenomena seem to be interrelated. The objective of the study presented here is to investigate the relationship between forest fires and gas emissions. This interrelationship was analysed for the European Union countries where forest fires have had relevant consequences (Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Greece), over the last decades (1980-2012). In a first step, the level of correlation among greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent) and the dimension of the forest fires (measured through the burnt area (ha)) was analysed. In a second phase, the causality between these two variables was examined. Finally, the most adjusted model for the relationship between the dimension of the forest fires and global warming was then estimated. It is worth highlighting that, in Portugal, Spain, France and Italy, there is significant correlation among the two variables. For Greece, significant correlation was only found with the variables in growth rates. On the other hand, the most adjusted models estimated for Portugal, Spain, France and Italy are nonlinear, and for Greece, a linear relationship was found. The directional causality varies across the several countries considered. For Portugal and France, considering values of 2012, an increase of 1 ha of burnt area increased the greenhouse gas emission in around 0.09 and 2.61 kt of CO2 equivalent, respectively. In Greece, when the burnt area (ha) growth rate increases 1 percentage point, the greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent) growth rate increase 0.003 percentage points. Finally, for Spain and Italy, it is the greenhouse gas emissions that cause the burnt area.
- Testing for Structural Changes in the European Union’s Agricultural SectorPublication . Martinho, VítorOver recent decades several European and global occurrences have had an impact on the European Union’s economic sectors, and subsequently on farms. In fact, the various Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reforms, namely those since 1992, and the global financial and economic crises, specifically after 2008, seem to have had several e ects on the dynamics of the entire European Union agricultural sector and on the performance of farms. However, there is doubt as to whether these events were enough to promote structural breaks in European Union farms. In this way, the main objective of this study is to analyse both the known and unknown structural breaks in European farms, between 1989 and 2016. To this purpose, data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) from the twelve former member-states (the countries with the longer time series) and methodologies based on the Chow test and on the Quandt likelihood ratio (QLR) were considered. The results show that the structural breaks are di erent across the several twelve former European Union countries and among the several variables considered. In any case, the financial and economic crises, as well as changes in the European Union’s methodologies relative to statistical information, seem to have had a greater impact on the European farms than the several CAP reforms (with the exception of the reform of 1992 the trade liberalization). However, the several consequences of all these European and world events on European farms seem to be delayed for some years.
- Manual de Apoio ao Agricultor - Inovar na AgriculturaPublication . Monteiro, António; Pinto, António; Esteves Correia, Helena; Pato, Lúcia; Martinho, Vítor
- Sustainability Evolution of North and Alentejo Vineyard RegionsPublication . Santos, Micael; Galindro, A.; Santos, C.; Marta-Costa, A.; Martinho, VítorThe wine sector currently lacks nuclear fea-tures, which makes Portugal’s producing per-formance drift away from the frontline world-wide wine producers. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the evolution of the Portuguese wine industry’s performance through the world and national available statistical data. Also, this work tries to evaluate the sustainability dyna-mic regarding theNorth and Alentejo, using the Portuguese Farm Accountancy Data Network from 2001 to 2012. From the sustain-nability indicators, the results show that Alente-jo presents the best performance in terms of environmental sustainability. The North has an increasing economic dimension of sustainabil-ity and good social performance. The conclu-sions suggest that academic research can im-prove the wine industry’s overall orientation to sustainability.
- Best management practices from agricultural economics: Mitigating air, soil and water pollutionPublication . Martinho, VítorOften the several stakeholders involved in the agricultural sector place a greater emphasis on the negative externalities from farming production rather than on the solutions and approaches to mitigate, namely impacts from pollution. The scientific literature, in certain circumstances, follows this tendency leaving a vast chasm of enormous potential left to be explored. It is important to contribute towards the reduction of this gap, highlighting the best management practices implemented across the agricultural sector around the world, specifically to make them more visible and give incentive to the several agents in adopting and spreading their use. In this way, the main objective is to stress the best management practices presented by the global scientific literature from the farming sector. To achieve this objective methodology based on bibliometric analysis-factor-analysis-literature survey approach was considered, applied to 150 documents obtained from the Web of Science (core collection) related with the following topics: best management practice; agricultural economics; air, soil and water pollution. As main insights, it is worth referring the best management practices to deal with problems from agricultural production, such as, for example, the use of agricultural residues as feedstock for renewable energies. With regard to sustainable development in the agricultural sector, concepts such as "sustainable remediation" have their place. On the other hand, the agricultural and environmental policies and the agricultural costs associated with the several farming practices also play a determinant role here. Finally, only fraction of the scientific documents analysed (16 papers) belong to the group of studies related to policies, showing that there are potential subjects to be addressed here in future studies related with these topics. The same happens for cost-benefit analyses (24 documents).
- Forestry activity in Portugal within the context of the European Union: a cluster in agricultural economics for sustainable developmentPublication . Martinho, VítorForestry activities may be important complements to a farmer’s income within the context of agricultural economics, or autonomous production, with determining factors upon rural dynamics and sustainable development. Taking these ideas into account, the objective of this study was to analyze the importance of forestry for sustainability in Portugal, namely in rural regions, comparatively with the context verified across other countries in the European Union. For this, data from the Eurostat (Several statistics. European Union Statistics, Luxembourg, 2015) for the European countries were used, over the period 1990–2014, and for variables that allowed to capture the interrelationships among forest indicators and economic, social and environmental variables. This statistical information was analyzed from a descriptive perspective and using the pairwise correlation matrix (complemented with the Granger causality Wald tests), through the Stata (Statistics/data analysis. StataCorp, LP, College Station, TX, 2015) software, to understand the relationships between the different indicators. As a main finding, it is worth referring that Portugal has had, in this period, a small impact on the European Union forestry conjuncture, but with great potential, namely in terms of agricultural and rural economic sustainability.
- Scoring the efficiency of Portuguese wine exports – an analysis recurring to Stochastic Frontier ModelsPublication . Mourão, Paulo Reis; Martinho, VítorO Vinho português é reconhecido como uma importante fonte de receitas económicas de base agrícola para Portugal. No entanto, as receitas deste produto diminuíram na maioria dos mercados estrangeiros na década 20012011. Neste artigo, iremos desenvolver uma tentativa original para identificar os determinantes mais importantes do valor das exportações de vinhos portugueses e os níveis de eficiência para cada país de destino. Os nossos resultados revelaram que o valor das exportações de vinhos portugueses tem uma relação positiva com o tamanho do setor público em cada país de destino, com a população rural do país de destino, e com o PIB real per capita, entre outras variáveis. A eficiência das exportações de vinho aumenta por causa do nível de inflação e do investimento direto estrangeiro per capita nas economias de destino. Também descobrimos que os destinos mais eficientes são aqueles onde o português é a língua nativa, e dois dos casos menos eficientes são a Polónia e os Estados Unidos da América, que são casos que merecem atenção especial por partedos exportadores portugueses.