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- An Insight into the Level of Information about Sustainability of Edible Insects in a Traditionally Non-Insect-Eating Country: Exploratory StudyPublication . Guiné, Raquel P. F.; Florença, Sofia De Guiné E; Anjos, O.; Correia, Paula; Ferreira, Bruno; Costa, Cristina Amaro DaInsects have been reported as a possible alternative solution to help feed the growing world pop-ulation with less stress on the planet, thus contributing to the preservation of the environment and natural ecosystems. However, the consumption of edible insects (EIs), although culturally ac-cepted for some communities, is not readily accepted for others. Hence this work explores the lev-el of information that people in a traditionally non-insect-eating country have about the sustaina-bility issues related with EIs, and also some possible reasons that could motivate their consump-tion. The study was based on a questionnaire survey and the results were explored by descriptive statistic tools, tree classification analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the level of information is still low in general, with most people not manifesting an opinion. However, some aspects are relatively familiar to the participants (88.9% know that the ecological footprint of insects is smaller than other meats and 86.9% know that they efficiently convert or-ganic matter into protein). Factor and cluster analysis showed three classes: cluster 1—people not informed about the facts disclosed through the true statements and also not able to distinguish the false information; cluster 2—people not informed about the facts disclosed through the true statements but who were able to distinguish the false information; and cluster 3—people well in-formed about the facts disclosed through the true statements but who were marginally unable to distinguish the false information. It was also found that education, sex and professional area are the most relevant sociodemographic factors associated with the level of information, and the highest motivations to consume EIs are their contribution to preserve the environment and natu-ral resources followed by being a more sustainable option (for 64.7% and 53.4% of participants, respectively). Hence it was concluded that, although some work still needs to be done to better inform people about EIs, there is already some conscientiousness that they constitute a good and more sustainable alternative to other types of meat.
- An Insight into the Level of Information about Sustainability of Edible Insects in a Traditionally Non-Insect-Eating Country: Exploratory StudyPublication . Guiné, Raquel; Florença, Sofia; Anjos, Ofélia; Correia, Paula; Ferreira, Bruno; Costa, Cristina Amaro DaInsects have been reported as a possible alternative solution to help feed the growing world pop-ulation with less stress on the planet, thus contributing to the preservation of the environment and natural ecosystems. However, the consumption of edible insects (EIs), although culturally ac-cepted for some communities, is not readily accepted for others. Hence this work explores the lev-el of information that people in a traditionally non-insect-eating country have about the sustaina-bility issues related with EIs, and also some possible reasons that could motivate their consump-tion. The study was based on a questionnaire survey and the results were explored by descriptive statistic tools, tree classification analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the level of information is still low in general, with most people not manifesting an opinion. However, some aspects are relatively familiar to the participants (88.9% know that the ecological footprint of insects is smaller than other meats and 86.9% know that they efficiently convert or-ganic matter into protein). Factor and cluster analysis showed three classes: cluster 1—people not informed about the facts disclosed through the true statements and also not able to distinguish the false information; cluster 2—people not informed about the facts disclosed through the true statements but who were able to distinguish the false information; and cluster 3—people well in-formed about the facts disclosed through the true statements but who were marginally unable to distinguish the false information. It was also found that education, sex and professional area are the most relevant sociodemographic factors associated with the level of information, and the highest motivations to consume EIs are their contribution to preserve the environment and natu-ral resources followed by being a more sustainable option (for 64.7% and 53.4% of participants, respectively). Hence it was concluded that, although some work still needs to be done to better inform people about EIs, there is already some conscientiousness that they constitute a good and more sustainable alternative to other types of meat.
- Antioxidant Properties of Bee Products of Plant- Origin Part 2. Propolis and PollenPublication . Fernandes, Pedro; Ferreira, Sónia; Fonte, Alice; Ferreira Wessel, Dulcineia; Cardoso, SusanaOver the last years, the hive products such as propolis and pollen have been highlighted due to their potential health benefits, including antioxidant abilities that have been correlated with their content in phenolic compounds. Regardless of the several factors that may affect propolis and pollen antioxidant activity, these products have been shown to possess, either through the use of in vitro or in vivo models, important features concerning the modulation of cellular oxidative stress caused by environmental factors (e.g. UV-light), metals, pesticides and other xenobiotics. This modulatory effect focus not only on the capture of radicals that these elements might eventually generate, but also by the activation of cellular antioxidant mechanisms such as enzymatic antioxidants or by modifying gene expression patterns. Although the mechanisms behind these responses are not fully known, it has been showed that caffeic acid phenethyl ester, pinocembrin and chrisin are some of the compounds responsible for some of these responses. Taking into account the gathered results, propolis and pollen can be viewed as potential agents in the re-stabilization of cellular oxidative imbalance and in the prevention of oxidative stress related diseases.
- Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit): Composition, nutrition Value and ProductsPublication . Guiné, Raquel; Florença, Sofia De Guiné EJackfruit is the largest edible fruit in the world, being cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world. This gigantic fruit can be up to 90 cm in length by 30 cm in wide and weight up to 50 kilograms. It is a fruit rich in fibres, proteins, minerals like Calcium, Phosphorus and Iron and Vitamins of Complex B, mainly Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) and Vitamin B5 (Niacin). Some medicinal properties are attributed to jackfruit, making it a useful tool used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world, such as antiasthmatic, antidiarrheal, anticough healing or diuretics. This chapter compiles some general information about jackfruit as well as its composition and bioactive properties with impact on human health.
- Bioactive Phenolic Compounds: Extraction Procedures and Methods of AnalysisPublication . Guiné, RaquelPhenolic compounds are very important to the physiology of plants as well as humans because once ingested they have a protective role on the human body against oxidative stress, acting as antioxidants. Phenolic compounds have thousands of different structures and they are classified into families according to some characteristics. The evaluation of phenolic compounds is crucial and the methodologies used either for their extraction from the source materials or for their quantification are much variable and have great influence on the results. Hence, this chapter aims to introduce briefly some knowledge about phenolic compounds and the different categories, then to review some important aspects about the extraction methodologies reported in literature and the methods of analysis, namely the spectrophotometric technics, the chromatographic methods and some other recent methods. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity is also addressed and the methods for its evaluation are also reviewed, namely those using Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) or Single Electron Transfer (SET) reaction mechanisms.
- Bioactive Phenols in Small Fruits and BerriesPublication . Guiné, RaquelBioactive compounds are extra nutritional constituents occurring naturally in plant foods in small amounts, however in quantities enough to produce bioactive effects. Among bioactive compounds the phenolic compounds are a very large set of molecules, which include several groups such as for example flavonoids, phenolic acids or tannins. Small fruits and berries include a wide diversity of fruits, like grapes, strawberries, blackberries, blueberries, raspberries, cherries, hardi kiwi, gooseberries, cranberries, currants (black, white, red), physalis, crowberries, açaí, elderberries, dates or goji berries, and these frequently have been reported as having particularly high concentrations of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Hence, the objective of this chapter is to review the literature about the type and contents of different phenolic compounds present in small fruits and berries, as well as their bioactive properties, including antioxidant capacity. All the fruits and berries investigated in this chapter were particularly rich in bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds that provide the fruits with high antioxidant properties. The most relevant health promoting effects include anti-cancer, anti-inflamatory, neuro protective, cardio protective or anti-diabetes, thus indicating that these foods are a valuable resource to prevent and treat diseases.
- Biological and antioxidant activities of Physalis peruvianaPublication . Guiné, Raquel P. F.; Bruno, Iara; Ferreira, Manuela; Florença, Sofia De Guiné E
- Cancer Prevention and Management Trough Phenolic CompoundsPublication . Guiné, Raquel P. F.; Florença, S. G.; Ferreira, Manuela; Campos, Sofia; Okpala, C.; Korzeniowska, M.The chemical molecules included in the class of phenolic compounds encompass a very large variety of structures, constituting numerous families of compounds, such as, for example, the phenolic acids or the flavonoids, of which are particularly relevant the anthocyanins. These molecules, due to their chemical structures with aromatic rings, have a high antioxidant capacity which have proven to be quite beneficial for many health conditions. Among their many health benefits, polyphenols also have been described as providing important tools to prevent or help in the treatment of diverse types of cancer, namely though the regulation of cell signal transduction and gene expression, which allows controlling the development of cancer cells. In this context the present chapter highlights some scientific evidence corroborating the role of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
- Chapter four - Edible Insects: Perceptions of Marketing, Economic, and Social Aspects among Citizens of Different CountriesPublication . Guiné, Raquel; Florença, Sofia de Guiné e; Costa, Cristina Amaro da; Gonçalves Oliveira Valente da Cruz-Lopes, Luísa Paula; Esteves, Bruno; Ferreira, Manuela; Fragata, Anabela; Cardoso, Ana Paula; Margarida Campos, Sofia; Anjos, Ofélia; Bartkiene, E; Djekic, I; Matran, IM; Culin, J; Klava, D; Chuck-Hernández, C; Korzeniowska, M; Boustani, NM; Papageorgiou, M; Gutiérrez, BP; Cernelic-Bizjak, M; Damarli, E; Ferreira, Vanessa; Guiné, RPFBecause edible insects (EI) have been, in recent years, recommended as a nutritious animal protein food with enormous environmental advantages over other sources of animal protein for human consumption, studies aimed at investigating the consumer perspective have become more prominent. Hence, this study intended to examine the perceptions of participants from different countries about the commercialization and economic and social impacts of edible insects. The study was made using a questionnaire survey, and data were collected in Brazil, Croatia, Greece, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey. The final number of received answers was 7222 participants. For the treatment of the results, different statistical techniques were used: factor analysis, internal reliability by Cronbach’s alpha, cluster analysis, ANOVA to test differences between groups, and Chi-square tests. The results obtained confirmed the validity of the scale, constituted by 12 out of the 14 items initially considered, distributed by 4 factors: the first related to the economic impact of EIs, the second related to the motivation for consumption of EIs, the third related to the places of purchase of EIs, and the fourth corresponding to a question presented to the participants as a false statement. A cluster analysis allowed identifying three clusters, with significant differences between them according to all the sociodemographic variables tested. Also, it was found that the participants expressed an exceptionally high level of agreement with aspects such as the difficulty in finding EIs on sale, knowledge acting as a strong motivator for EI consumption, and the role of personalities and influencers in increasing the will to consume EIs. Finally, practically all sociodemographic variables were found to be significantly associated with perceptions (country, sex, education, living environment, and income), but not age. In conclusion, the perceptions about EI commercialization were investigated and revealed differences among samples originating from different countries. Moreover, the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants were found to be strongly associated with their perceptions
- Chapter two - Effects of Soaking and Germination Treatments on the Nutritional, Anti-Nutritional, and Bioactive Characteristics of Adzuki Beans (Vigna angularis L.) and Lima Beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.).Publication . Rizvi, Qurat Ul Eain Hyder; Guiné, Raquel; Ahmed, Naseer; Sheikh, Mohd Aaqib; Sharma, Paras; Sheikh, Imran; Yadav, Ajar Nath; Kumar, Krishan; Guiné, RPFLima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) and adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) are some of the most nutritious underutilized pulses that are significant in being used as basic ingredients for the preparation of various food products. The present study aimed to determine the impact of soaking and germination on nutritional and bioactive components, in vitro protein digestibility, reducing power, metal chelating capacity, antioxidant activity, and anti-nutritional components of lima and adzuki beans. The findings showed that during the germination treatment, the in vitro protein digestibility of lima and adzuki beans increased by 14.75 and 10.98%, respectively. There was an increase in the antioxidant activity of lima beans by 33.48% and adzuki beans by 71.14% after 72 h of germination, respectively. The reducing power assay of lima and adzuki beans indicated an increase of 49.52 and 36.42%, respectively, during germination. Similarly, the flavonoid and metal chelating activity increased in lima and adzuki beans after 72 h of germination. In contrast, the anti-nutrients, such as phytic acid, tannin content, and trypsin inhibitor activity, decreased significantly p < 0.05 after 72 h of germination. These results are encouraging and allow for utilizing the flour obtained from the germinated beans in functional bakery products, which can contribute to eradicating protein deficiency among some population groups. At the same time, promoting soaking and germination of the beans as a way to enhance the nutritional quality and reduce anti-nutrients can contribute to the interest in these underutilized pulses. They could be seen as an additional tool to improve food security