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- Chapter four - Edible Insects: Perceptions of Marketing, Economic, and Social Aspects among Citizens of Different CountriesPublication . Guiné, Raquel; Florença, Sofia de Guiné e; Costa, Cristina Amaro da; Gonçalves Oliveira Valente da Cruz-Lopes, Luísa Paula; Esteves, Bruno; Ferreira, Manuela; Fragata, Anabela; Cardoso, Ana Paula; Margarida Campos, Sofia; Anjos, Ofélia; Bartkiene, E; Djekic, I; Matran, IM; Culin, J; Klava, D; Chuck-Hernández, C; Korzeniowska, M; Boustani, NM; Papageorgiou, M; Gutiérrez, BP; Cernelic-Bizjak, M; Damarli, E; Ferreira, Vanessa; Guiné, RPFBecause edible insects (EI) have been, in recent years, recommended as a nutritious animal protein food with enormous environmental advantages over other sources of animal protein for human consumption, studies aimed at investigating the consumer perspective have become more prominent. Hence, this study intended to examine the perceptions of participants from different countries about the commercialization and economic and social impacts of edible insects. The study was made using a questionnaire survey, and data were collected in Brazil, Croatia, Greece, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey. The final number of received answers was 7222 participants. For the treatment of the results, different statistical techniques were used: factor analysis, internal reliability by Cronbach’s alpha, cluster analysis, ANOVA to test differences between groups, and Chi-square tests. The results obtained confirmed the validity of the scale, constituted by 12 out of the 14 items initially considered, distributed by 4 factors: the first related to the economic impact of EIs, the second related to the motivation for consumption of EIs, the third related to the places of purchase of EIs, and the fourth corresponding to a question presented to the participants as a false statement. A cluster analysis allowed identifying three clusters, with significant differences between them according to all the sociodemographic variables tested. Also, it was found that the participants expressed an exceptionally high level of agreement with aspects such as the difficulty in finding EIs on sale, knowledge acting as a strong motivator for EI consumption, and the role of personalities and influencers in increasing the will to consume EIs. Finally, practically all sociodemographic variables were found to be significantly associated with perceptions (country, sex, education, living environment, and income), but not age. In conclusion, the perceptions about EI commercialization were investigated and revealed differences among samples originating from different countries. Moreover, the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants were found to be strongly associated with their perceptions
- Biopreparados agroecológicos como solução biológicaPublication . Simões, Joana; de Vasconcelos Teixeira Aguiar da Costa, Daniela; Costa, Cristina Amaro daNa sociedade atual, a sustentabilidade ambiental e social é uma preocupação crescente, em particular na produção de alimentos que se traduz na crescente procura por produtos seguros para os ecossistemas e para o consumidor final. A utilização de biopreparados, com base na (re)utilização de recursos naturais existentes na exploração, é uma parte integrante de sistemas produção agroecológicos. Estudaram se sete biopreparados agroecológicos no projeto RESTORE - biopReparados Em SisTemas prOdução agRoEcológicos [projeto UIDB/00681/2020] – vinagre de figo-da-índia, vinagre de beldroega, sumo fermentado de laranja, extrato de alho, infusão de urtiga, decocção de cavalinha e biopreparado de alho e malagueta. O trabalho consistiu em: aplicação de inquérito aos agricultores sobre biopreparados utilizados; seleção e produção, análise físico-química e microbiológica e avaliação de efeitos in vivo de biopreparados. Foram realizados 17 inquéritos a produtores, na região Centro. Os biopreparados foram selecionados a partir da informação dos agricultores. Em laboratório, procedeu-se à quantificação de compostos fenólicos totais, análise da capacidade antioxidante e a da inibição de atividade microbiana, em bactérias e fungos, em três momentos temporais diferentes e com base no tipo de conservação estabelecida: logo após a preparação do biopreparado; três e seis meses após a conservação em fresco e seis meses após conservação por congelação. Os ensaios de campo foram realizados em viveiros de alface, em estufa, desde a sementeira até à transplantação. O sumo fermentado de laranja e os vinagres apresentam os melhores resultados em composição fenólica e capacidade antioxidante. Em termos de inibição de atividade microbiológica, o biopreparado de alho e malagueta é o que demonstra uma inibição mais consistente. A decocção de cavalinha demonstra apresentar melhores resultados enquanto bioestimulante no cultivo de alface. É essencial dar continuidade a estudos de avaliação dos efeitos dos biopreparados para melhorar o conhecimento sobre os mesmos e os seus efeitos, bem como para fundamentar uma tomada de decisão mais adequada.
- A importância crescente dos produtos agrícolas e agroalimentares locais: os efeitos da pandemia covid-19 nos circuitos curtos de proximidadePublication . Pato, Maria LúciaA crescente oferta de produtos agrícolas e agroalimentares, largamente disponíveis nas grandes superfícies de distribuição (híper e supermercados), a que se junta as mudanças operadas nos próprios ritmos de vida das pessoas, tem alterado drasticamente os hábitos de alimentação, sobretudo dos meios urbanos. Questões como a origem, a qualidade e segurança dos alimentos, são agora mais do que noutras alturas, inicialmente desconsideradas. Neste contexto, as produções locais e os circuitos curtos de proximidade perspetivam-se como uma alternativa eficaz de distribuição de produtos alimentares. Por outro lado, a pandemia provocada pela COVID-19 veio apelar, mais do que em outras alturas, à necessidade de ser enfatizado o que é produzido e distribuído localmente. Para além dos benefícios económicos para os próprios produtores e benefícios ambientais para o meio ambiente, salientam-se ainda os benefícios socias decorrentes desta prática, já que se fomenta a confiança entre produtores e consumidores. Daí que com base numa investigação desenvolvida em concelhos pertencentes à Região Viseu Dão Lafões, no Centro de Portugal, o objetivo deste trabalho é o de investigar o impacto da pandemia provocada pela COVID 19 ao nível os circuitos curtos de proximidade. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a pandemia provocada pela COVID 19 consciencializou para a importância das produções locais e das temáticas relativas à qualidade dos produtos.
- Olive Oil Tourism: Innovative or Traditional Form of Rural Tourism?Publication . Pato, Maria LúciaOlive oil tourism is a unique and rapidly growing segment of agritourism, particularly popular in Mediterranean countries Portugal, where olive oil production has deep cultural and historical roots. At the heart of this form of tourism is the opportunity for visitors to explore the olive-growing process, engage in tastings, and immerse themselves in the traditions surrounding one of the world's most ancient food products. However, modern innovation is playing a pivotal role in revitalizing these traditions, making olive oil tourism not just a journey into the past but a dynamic exploration of the future. Based on a qualitative analysis of five farms of olive oil tourism, findings indicate the focus on tradition and values of the past as the main ingredient to promote the offer of olive oil tourism. Through this blend of old and new, olive oil tourism not only preserves heritage but also paves the way for a sustainable and vibrant future. Innovation through tradition is indeed a path that must be considered by scholars and practitioners in the promotion of olive oil tourism and related products.
- Predictive Artificial Intelligence Approaches of Labour Use in the Farming SectorPublication . Martinho, VítorIt is not expected that the agricultural sector absorbs a great part of the employment in developed economies with a dynamic industry and services sector. When the percentage of employment in agriculture is high, this may be a sign of the weak performance of the farms. Every country wants to have a developed farming sector to not compromise the dynamics and performance of the economy. In any case, agricultural employment plays a fundamental role, particularly in rural spaces and in contexts of temporary crises in the remaining economy. Taking into account these motivations, this chapter aims to highlight the main approaches and variables that may be considered to predict labour use in the European Union farms. To achieve these aims, European Union agricultural statistics were considered, as well as models based on the new technologies associated with the digital transition worldwide. The results found may provide pertinent suggestions for a more sustainable farming sector, where the social contributions may be improved.
- Predictors of Interest Paid in the European Union’s Agricultural SectorPublication . Martinho, VítorIn general, the interest paid does not assume a relevant dimension in the overall costs present in the European Union farms. In fact, considering the agricultural sector characteristics, the Common Agricultural Policy measures and the dynamics of the banking sector in the European Union, the interest paid is a small part of the costs supported by the farmers. In any case, banking loans are fundamental for farming investments and in this way, it is important to understand their respective context. Considering these motivations, this research proposes to consider artificial intelligence approaches and data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network to identify the models with higher accuracy and the most important indicators to predict the interest paid by the farms of the European Union. The contributions of this research bring relevant insights into the dynamics of the bank loans for the European Union agricultural sector and the respective measures inside the Common Agricultural Policy framework.
- Machine Learning Methodologies, Wages Paid and the Most Relevant PredictorsPublication . Martinho, VítorThe agricultural sector worldwide has an economic dimension related to the remuneration of the production factors applied in the sector, an environmental contribution associated with the sustainability of rural places and a social dimension related to the employment creation and the consequent level of remuneration of the labour. The question here is about the level of wages paid in the agricultural sector across the European Union countries and about the main factors that may be taken into account to predict the level of these wages paid to agricultural workers. This research intends to select the models with better precision to predict the wages paid in the European Union agriculture and to suggest important predictors from the enormous number of indicators that may be identified in the farms. The findings obtained may be considered relevant support for the design of social and agricultural policies in the European framework.
- The Most Adjusted Predictive Models for Energy CostsPublication . Martinho, VítorEnergy is one of the most important production factors in farms, considering its impact on the profitability of the agricultural sector, its relationship with sustainability and the need for a green transition in agriculture to deal with the challenges created by climate change and the consequent global warming. In the green transition, it is important to replace fossil fuel sources with renewable energies and, in these contexts, the agricultural sector may make a double contribution, producing renewable energy and using more sustainable sources for the different processes and activities in the farms. Taking into account these motivations, this chapter proposes to select the models with better accuracy and the most relevant variables to predict the energy costs in the European Union farming sector. For that, machine learning models were considered, as well as statistical information from European Union databases. This chapter presents useful contributions to better understand the contexts associated with energy cost prediction in European farms.
- Important Indicators for Predicting Crop Protection CostsPublication . Martinho, VítorThe crop protection costs have economic impacts on the profitability of the farms and environmental consequences due to, in some circumstances, the residues that remain in the soils after the application. The crop protection application may have also direct impacts on human health, because of the residues which remain in the agricultural products, particularly when applied in a non-efficient way. The Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union has already a set of measures to encourage farmers to reduce the level of crop protection application in farming activities. In any case, it is important to bring more insights into these contexts, specifically identifying the most important predictors of crop protection costs in the European Union farms. To achieve these objectives, this study takes into account approaches from the new technologies associated with the digital transition and data from the European Union Farm Accountancy Data Network. The insights obtained allowed us to highlight the most adjusted models and the most important variables to predict crop protection costs in European agriculture.
- The Most Important Predictors of Fertiliser CostsPublication . Martinho, VítorThe control of the fertiliser costs in the agricultural sector is fundamental for the profitability of the farms and to mitigate environmental impacts. Indeed, the fertiliser costs have, at least, two components, one related to the fertiliser prices and the other associated with the amount of fertiliser applied in the farming processes. The fertiliser application in agricultural activities has a relevant impact on soil health and water quality. The efficiency of the processes linked with the fertiliser application in the farms is crucial to avoid disruptions in the sustainable development required for agriculture worldwide. In these frameworks, it is important to bring more insights about the predictors of the fertiliser costs in the European Union farms. Taking into account these motivations, this chapter considered artificial intelligence approaches and data from the European Union databases to identify the most adjusted models. The findings of this research contribute to the understanding of the most important variables to promote more sustainability in the European Union farming sector.