ESEV - DCA - Artigo em ata de evento científico internacional
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- A capa congénita da subjectividade: o jornalista entre o interlocutor do acontecimento e o construtor socialPublication . Barroso, PauloIn journalism studies, we learn that the objectivity is always analyzed as compass to the suitable exercise of the informative activity. The objectivity myth works to hide the storyteller’s natural ethos and pathos. If who tells a story adds the story, the objectivity’s lie, that recommends the journalist to look for exactness, serves to demonstrate, at least, the inalienable true of the journalistic subjectivity. Which verbal exteriority to what happens, deserve to be told and to be socially constructed? Which point of view? Who decide what can be known? What’s the reality that isn’t communicated by the journalists?
- Comunicação e Intencionalidade: Possibilidades da Comunicação Intencional como Experiência da ExterioridadePublication . Barroso, PauloHow can we communicate intentions? What one means when one uses a certain expression about his inner states, like “I have a pain”? What “understand someone” means? These are some of many others questions that we have to underline when we pretend analyse the importance of normal and ordinary linguistic productions. Questions that help us to understand the use, production and functionalism of ordinary language. However, there are others communication manners, like intra-personal communication processes? The main focus of this paper is about the proficiency and use of ordinary language. Thus, this paper intends to present a theoretical analysis between language, inner states (thought, sensation, perception, feeling, etc.) and reality. Trilogy as a complex system organizing experiences into meaningful structures, considering some issues: i) language of thought (or intra-communication); ii) semantic inter-subjectivity; iii) inter-translated languages to explore the interactive conception; iv) mental and linguistic construction of reality; v) conceptual pathologies of language; and vi) expressive act of meaning. In this paper, the basic approach embraces the analysis of a simple semiotic concept, is that of meaning, considering the language’s difficulties and proficiencies to represent (describe or express) the world (as individual mental construction). It seems to me obvious that a great many of the things that we say (and understand from what is said) we say (and understand) because we learn them in conversation with others, in which it is the intention of the interlocutors to inform of something. Based on Grice’s work, i shall argue that it is also important what isn’t said when it is said, beyond what is said when it is not said.
- O conceito de cegueira semântica em Wittgenstein: como experienciar significados? / Wittgenstein’s concept of meaning-blindness: how to experience meanings?Publication . Barroso, PauloO que são "experiência do significado", "significado de um aspecto" e "cegueira do significado"? São conceitos da filosofia da psicologia de Wittgenstein. Nos estudos sobre a linguagem, a expressão verbal de uma experiência (e.g. emoção, sensação, pensamento, impressão visual, etc.) não está no mesmo nível que outras expressões naturais. Em fenómenos e conceitos psicológicos (e.g. compreender o significado de uma palavra ou exprimir uma sensação de dor), Wittgenstein argumenta que o uso característico de verbos psicológicos representa a natureza peculiar do pensamento. Esta questão está relacionada com a experiência do significado. Se, numa perspectiva pragmática, o significado de uma palavra é o seu uso, quando usamos uma palavra, mostramos o nosso entendimento dessa palavra em particular. Partindo do estudo de Wittgenstein sobre a linguagem, o objectivo desta proposta é discutir a expressão linguística da experiência e a sua associação a casos psicológicos particulares, como os três conceitos referidos. Wittgenstein admite que há pessoas que, simplesmente, não têm a capacidade de ver algo como tal, ou seja, não podem experimentar o surgimento de um aspecto ou ver a mudança de um aspecto para outro. Wittgenstein designa este defeito por “cegueira” e compara com a falta de um “ouvido musical”. Compreender esta problemática evita mal-entendidos conceptuais e discursivos, pois são conceitos organizados e desenvolvidos em torno da grande preocupação com as variações da experiência de significado em diferentes jogos de linguagem, ou seja, expressões que variam ou se desviam de uma determinada forma, norma linguística ou significado padrão. Embora esses jogos de linguagem sejam casos simples de usos comuns da linguagem, revelam se estamos conscientes acerca do significado das palavras. Seguindo uma estratégia conceptual, esta abordagem teórica incide no cruzamento de uma filosofia da psicologia e no reconhecimento de contribuições cruciais para o estudo da linguagem e significado.
- Desafios e constrangimentos do jornalismo local no desenvolvimento das dinâmicas sociaisPublication . Barroso, PauloA produção noticiosa de âmbito local apresenta determinadas particularidades que não configuram-na necessariamente como o parente pobre e amador do jornalismo, conforme é considerado frequentemente. Norteadas pela especificidade do meio envolvente onde se insere, a actividade jornalística de âmbito local pode retirar vantagens da proximidade com os actores sociais locais e com os cidadãos.
- Digital literacy in the brave new e-sphere: How to survive in an ocean of false information?Publication . Barroso, PauloOne of the messages of Huxley’s Brave New World is the alarm against the dangers of technology and the control of society through the manipulation of information. The social circulation of false information is not recent; it’s part of the history of the media. Despite the mission of journalism to seek and report the truth, false information already proliferated before the social media. However, the social media give a new impulse to false information, attracting and influencing public opinion. Notwithstanding the noble social functions of journalism in informing, clarifying, and socializing, McLuhan warned of the opposite effects in “Culture Without Literacy” (1953). Warning about situations of falsehood, omission, lies or manipulation that now proliferate in the e-sphere, a new networked virtual public sphere (where we immerse ourselves online in connectivity and interactivity with immanence and immediacy), McLuhan called for the care in interpreting media messages. This is an escalated and reconfigured problem with the Internet. According to Baudrillard in Simulacra and Simulation, we are in a universe in which there is more and more information and less and less meaning. The care in interpreting mass media and social media messages is emerging, imposing the need for a new literacy and citizenship in this new digital public sphere. With the new technological means of communication and their multiple uses and effects, the concept of literacy changes, becomes more comprehensive and becomes a practical and necessary capacity to participate in the public sphere. This is demonstrated by the journalistic projects of fact-checking, whose objective is to ascertain the truth of the messages that circulate in the public sphere. It is no longer enough the journalists to produce news; it is necessary to verify facts and separate them from false information. Media literacy promotes critical thinking skills with which citizens can independently and conscientiously choose content, i.e. choose the program, the media or the way to interpret the information received. Media literacy is more difficult when the messages are ideological, rhetorical or with implicit content. In these cases, it is imperative to identify: the significant facts/events in the news; the causes of events and journalistic criteria; the connections between events and agents and their consequences; the information included and omitted; the choices of words and images (denotative or connotative) presented or shared; the order of narration of the facts; the presentation of direct speech or points of view. With media and digital literacy, it is possible for citizens to recognize whether (and how) the media are used to (dis)encourage debate based on false, distorted, or hidden information. Media and digital literacies are as one and are an important democratic instrument in the public sphere, especially in this digital age of online. By questioning the contribution of journalistic literacy in the new virtual configuration of the public sphere, we will be better able to discern what is true from what is false. As fake news is not easy to identify, media and digital literacy is basic knowledge about the new technological nature of media and how they work. Following a theoretical and conceptual approach based on the example of the journalistic model of fact-checking, this new imposition is discussed as a practice of promoting literacy, citizenship, and democracy in the e-sphere. The objectives are to understand the repercussions of this new dimension of communication in the digital age and to recognize fake news and disinformation in the digital environment as obstacles to the modern public sphere and to media literacy, in order to survive in our new ocean of false information.
- Digital literacy in the multimedia age: the culture after the digitalPublication . Barroso, PauloIn the 1960s, McLuhan warned early on that the trend of mass societies to become a “global village” due to the development and impact of new technological means of information and communication. Today, the effects of the media are gradually being felt, as technology dominates the daily uses of the media and the social practices of communication and information and, therefore, requires a constant requalification of literacy, which is as diverse the media themselves. Therefore, it is pertinent to understand the renewed demands of literacy and the technological effects of the media on audiences. Based on McLuhan’s theses on the mass media and their technological effects, a critical strategy and a theoretical-conceptual approach are followed. The objective is to problematize and discuss the role of digital media and its effects on literacy. Do mass societies and cultures, resulting from the profound transformations of globalization, make citizens more informed, enlightened, literate, demanding and committed to the “common good”? Do we communicate more and better in the current golden age of technology and digital communication? Is there media literacy for audiences to discern what is true and what is false in the content transmitted by the media?
- Does post-modern societies have to be ethical?Publication . Barroso, PauloI intend to reflect on the implications between individuals and society, starting from the questions "Does post-modern societies has to be ethical?" For this, I suport my paper on the work of Franz Kafka, In The Penal Colony, to represent a social theater of cruelty aesthetics in contemporary societies os post-modernity.
- Dos media como próteses aos novos media: o primado da técnicaPublication . Barroso, PauloDesde as premonições de McLuhan, há mais de 60 anos, o modelo comunicacional está em transformação. Com o surgimento dos self-media, ascende a figura do sujeito-objeto ou sujeito-meio, mas dá-se o apagamento do recetor. É uma inversão de papéis entre, por exemplo, o jornalista e o público. Antes, o primeiro era o único produtor de informações e o segundo era o recetor passivo das mesmas; agora, o segundo se autonomiza no papel de produtor de informações disponibilizadas na Internet, apagando o papel do primeiro. Uma inversão comparável a uma revolução coperniciana na comunicação: o primado do cidadão-jornalista ou homo-medium. Seguindo uma estratégia teórico-conceptual, o objetivo deste texto é problematizar os usos e os efeitos dos novos media tecnológicos.
- Iconolatria publicitária pós-moderna: semiótica e retórica no espaço urbanoPublication . Barroso, PauloI plan to underline the (conscious and/or unconscious) performance of advertising as a mass discourse in urban spaces, i.e. mass discourse produced by a specific (post-)modern rhetorical strategies to a peculiar target or audience. My propose follows the field of study of the semiotics of advertising, which practical application allows us to read and understand the social values of a given urbanity, i.e. the visual and architectural support of consumerist and post-modern ideologies (according to Gilles Lipovetsky’s theory) in different cities. To implement this semiotic approach, the methodology starts with a conceptualization of the semiotics of advertising as a building structure of visual and urban landscape. Taking into account the scope of this theoretical research, the requirements of the topic and the guidance imposed by the objectives, I will also follow an empirical analysis of the issue, in order to demonstrate the subsequent expected results. This includes the interest of visual semiotics of advertising. In a global and postmodern time and space, this kind of applied semiotics is characterized by binding consumerist messages and dominant values in urban public space. This paper will be comprised with the following stages: planning, research, determining the sources of information, observation and recording, understanding, interpretation, classification, questioning, explaining visual phenomena, formulating hypotheses, evidence and conclusions. For the practical part of my research plan, I’ll follow a methodological approach to researching, collecting, sorting and processing the data. After that, I’ll follow the subsequent written and visual presentation of outdoors or frontage of buildings (the faces or fronts of the urban landscape), which are representative of some specific rhetorical strategies in urban public space. These strategies are, sometimes, visual pollution, because the plethora of advertising images saturates and indiscipline the aesthetic view over the cities. According to Gilles Deleuze, the name of “civilization of image” is, mainly, a particular connotation to “civilization of the cliché”, which explanation may be related to the iconic inflation that relies on redundancy and, on the other hand, in the concealing, distortion or manipulation of certain images, so that these images conceals the reality, rather than become a medium to uncover it. Thus, there would be, according to Deleuze, a general interest to “hide something with the image”, i.e. it’s own persuasive natural character. I argue, therefore, that all visual/iconic advertising discourses in urban space are the result of persuasive and significant strategies. The excessive flow of images affects human behavior. So, we need to talk about the “ecology of the image”, i.e. the care about the visual pressure we are daily submitted. To the theoretical support of this subject, I think it is relevant the use of a specific literature on the semiotics of advertising very close in resemblance with that preached by the pan-semiotics of Roland Barthes.
- Jornalismo, e-sphere e literacia mediática: o imperativo da verificação de factos na era global e digitalPublication . Barroso, PauloQuestionando o contributo da literacia jornalística na nova configuração virtual da esfera pública, seremos mais capazes de discernir o que é verdade do que é falso. Como as notícias falsas não são fáceis de identificar, a literacia dos media é um conhecimento básico sobre a natureza dos media e o modo como estes funcionam. Seguindo uma abordagem teórica e conceptual, baseada no exemplo do Polígrafo, discute-se o fact-checking como prática de fomento de literacia mediática, cidadania e democraticidade na e-sphere. Os objetivos são: a) compreender os fundamentos e desafios da comunicação na era digital; b) compreender as repercussões desta nova dimensão da comunicação na era digital e reconhecer as notícias falsas e a desinformação no ambiente digital como obstáculos à esfera pública moderna e à literacia dos media.
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